通过荧光光子的统计测量识别和分辨单个分子，在物理、生物、化学和信息处理等领域都有着广泛的应用。从识别和分辨两个方面分析总结了两类判别单分子的方法：一类是判别单分子光子源，其判别方法有两种：一种是利用开始-停止的方法测量光激发单分子荧光光场的二阶关联函数办法来识别；另一种是基于光子记数统计测量的判别方法。另一类是对于多种分子混合时，分辨探测到的单分子是哪种荧光分子。介绍了基于光子特性相关单光子统计测量，利用概率计算分析的两种方法：最大概率法和查表法。

Identifying and distinguishing single-molecule by fluorescence photon statistic measuring have been widely applied in physics，biology, chemistry and information processing et al.. Two kinds of methods of identifying and distinguishing single-molecule are analyzed and reviewed. Firstly, two identification methods to identify single-molecule photon source are introduced: one by measuring laser stimulated single-molecule fluorescence field two-order autocorrelation function with start-stop method, the other based on single photon counting statistic measurement. Secondly, the other kind of methods are to distinguish which species molecules the single-molecule detected belongs to when a couple of species molecules are mixed. Two methods, based on property-correlated single-photon counting statistic measurement and probability calculation and analysis, are chiefly introduced：the maximum likelihood method and the lookup table method.