研究北京市冬季雾霾天气可吸入细颗粒物(PM2.5)中化学组成及来源。 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)与电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)分析2013年1—2月北京某城区采集获得的PM2.5样品, 通过测试其中40种元素的总量分析了PM2.5元素污染特征, 并辅以绝对主因子分析法对雾霾天气PM2.5的污染来源进行解析。 研究观察期间, Li, Mn, Pb, S等23元素体积浓度近似正态分布, 参考我国环境空气质量标准, As含量几何均值超过参考限值的2倍, 部分PM2.5样品Pb的24 h浓度均值超过参考年均限值。 从各元素含量所占颗粒物的质量分数来看, Fe, Zn, Pb, Ti等含量超过0.1%, 是PM2.5中的主要重金属离子, Mn, Cu, As, Se等含量超过颗粒物质量分数0.01%, 是PM2.5中的重要的无机金属污染物, 这些金属成分来源及健康影响值得重视。 本研究应用ICP-MS和ICP-AES测试结果进行PM2.5来源解析, 因子分析法选定了6个主要污染源类型, 分别为“工业粉尘与人为活动污染源”、 “生物质燃烧和建筑尘污染源”、 “土壤及风沙扬尘源”、 “化石燃料污染源”、 “电子废弃物污染源”和“区域性迁移污染源”, 其方差贡献率分别为40.3%, 27.0%, 9.1%, 4.9%, 4.8%和4.6%。 ICP-MS和ICP-AES用于PM2.5中多元素准确、 快速分析及获得多组分有效监测数据具有明显优势, 可用于PM2.5污染来源解析。 本研究为相关部门在制定减排控污和人群健康影响的预防控制政策时, 解析相应污染成分的来源, 并采取针对性措施加以管理和控制提供了科学依据, 提示应重视雾霾污染源区域性迁移效应。

To investigate the characteristics of chemical constitute and pollution sources of aerosol fine particulate matter during haze-fog day in Beijing in winter 2013. The samples of PM2.5 were collected in Beijing from January to February, 2013. The technique of ICP-MS and ICP-AES coupled with procedure of bathing-ultrasonic extraction was applied to determine the concentration of 40 elements in the aerosol samples to analyze the characteristics of elements distribution statistically. The absolute principal factor method was used to apportion the pollution sources of PM2.5 during the haze weather in Beijing city in winter 2013. The results showed that during the period of sampling, the volume concentration of Li, Mn, Pb, S etc. obeyed normal distribution approximately, and according to National Ambient Air Quality Standard issued by Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China, the geometric mean concentration of As was twice the annual limit of standard reference, while Pb of some aerosol samples beyond the annual limit of standard reference respectively. The mass fraction of Fe, Zn, Pb, Ti accounted for over 0.1%, while that of Mn, Cu, As, Se etc. 0.01%. These elements were primary inorganic pollutants, and especially the hazards and sources of As and Pb should be concerned. There were 6 main pollution sources were chosen by the factor analysis method, including industrial dust and human beings activities, biomass combustion and building dust, soil and sand dusts, fossil fuel, electronic waste and metal smelting, with the variance contribution rate of 40.3%, 27.0%, 9.1%, 4.9%, 4.8% and 4.6% respectively. ICP-MS and ICP-AES can be applied to analyzing multi-elements in PM2.5 accurately and quickly to facilitate source apportionment, and it indicated that the relevant pollution sources should be considered and the effect of regional transferring of haze pollution sources should be taken into account, and specific measures should be taken for control.