中国激光, 2021, 48 (1): 0107001, 网络出版: 2021-01-13   

子脉冲序列模式Er∶YAG激光消融牙本质的实验观察 下载: 916次

Observation of Dentin Ablation Using an Er∶YAG Laser in a Sub-Pulse Sequence Mode
作者单位
1 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院健康与医学技术研究所, 安徽 合肥 230031
2 中国科学技术大学, 安徽 合肥 230026
摘要
研制了一台子脉冲序列模式Er∶YAG激光器,获得了每秒80个和100个子脉冲高能量激光输出,开展了不同脉冲宽度的子脉冲对离体牙本质的激光消融实验。实验中使用的是子脉冲序列模式激光器,其重复频率为20 Hz,脉冲包络能量为45 mJ,子脉冲宽度分别为20,30,40,50 μs,在无冷却水雾条件下分别对比了子脉冲宽度对牙本质消融量、牙髓腔温升和坑洞组织形貌的影响。结果表明:在相同的激光脉冲能量下,较窄的子脉冲宽度不仅能够增加消融量,降低牙髓腔温升,从而延长操作时间,而且可以获得更好的消融坑洞组织形貌,牙小管的开放程度较高,有利于黏接修复治疗。
Abstract

Objective Er∶YAG laser crystals can produce laser at a wavelength of 2.94 μm, which is close to the infrared absorption peaks of water and hydroxyapatite. Laser at a wavelength of 2.94 μm possess numerous advantages in the ablation of biological tissues and the cutting of hard tissues such as bones and teeth. In clinical applications, erbium lasers are mainly used in two modes: free-running and Q-switched. However, free-running erbium lasers have a pulse width of a few hundred microseconds. Long pulses used to affect tissues cause heat diffusion into the surrounding healthy tissues resulting in damage or necrosis. Due to the low gain of 2.94 μm erbium laser crystals, it is difficult to obtain Q-switched erbium lasers with high pulse energy at high repetition frequency. The low ablation efficiency caused by low pulse repetition frequency limits their efficacy in dental treatment. To solve the problems mentioned above, we have developed a sub-pulse sequence mode laser at a high repetition frequency. In this mode, a standard long pulse is divided into several short sub-pulses with the same sub-pulse interval. This enables the sub-pulse sequence mode to deliver short, high finesse pulses with a photoelectric conversion efficiency of long duration pulses without sacrificing the ablation precision of short duration pulses.

Methods We set four groups of sub-pulse widths as 20, 30, 40, and 50 μs, and the sub-pulse interval time as 85 μs. The repetition frequency of the laser was 20 Hz. An Er∶YAG crystal rod with 4 mm diameter and 104 mm length was used as a laser-active medium. Doping concentration of the Er∶YAG crystal was 50%(atomic fraction) for Er 3+. Two facets of the Er∶YAG rod were antireflection-coated at 2.94 μm. A resonator was formed using two plane mirrors separated by 194 mm. The reflectivity of the high reflective (HR) mirror exceeded 99% and reflectivity of the output coupling mirror was 70%. An insulated gate bipolar transistor module that can control pulse width and laser frequency through the external pulse signal was used in the laser power supply. In addition, the effects of sub-pulse width on erbium laser ablation in sub-pulse sequence mode were investigated. We used the Er∶YAG laser in sub-pulse sequence mode as the light source. The laser beam was reflected toward the dental sample using a 45° reflector. After being focused by a lens focal length(focal length f= 50 mm), the beam vertically irradiated the surface of the dentin. Cooling water mist was not required during the experiment.

Results and Discussions A sub-pulse sequence mode erbium laser with high energy laser outputs of 80 sub-pulses per second was developed . When the sub-pulse widths were 50, 40, 30, and 20 μs, the maximum energy values were 671.1, 741.1, 814.1, and 798.8 mJ, respectively. The corresponding maximum slope efficiency was about 1.8% (Fig. 2). Through the experiment of dentin samples ablation, we found that the ablation mass would increase with decreasing sub-pulse widths. When the sub-pulse width was 20 μs, the mass of ablation was 90 mg after 60 s laser irradiation. When the sub-pulse width was 50 μs, the ablation mass was 62 mg. The ablation mass of the former was 45% higher than that of the latter (Fig. 4). Under conditions of 20 Hz repetition frequency, the samples were treated with the sub-pulse sequence mode laser at energy of 45 mJ. With decreasing sub-pulse width, the temperature rise in the pulp chamber decreased. When the pulse width was 50 μs, the temperature reached 42 ℃ within 25 s, but when the pulse width was set as 20 μs, the temperature reached 42 ℃ within 33 s (Fig. 5). In addition, the dentin samples were sprayed with gold and dehydrated to study the cavity structure after ablation before observation with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). When the sub-pulse widths were 20 μs and 30 μs, no carbonization, melting, or debris were observed on the surface of the pot hole, and the lower dental tubules were completely open. However, when the sub-pulse width reached 40 μs or 50 μs, no obvious melting and debris were observed by the scanning electron microscope, but the dentinal tubules were partially sealed (Fig. 6).

Conclusions A sub-pulse sequence mode erbium laser at a high repetition frequency was developed, which obtained high energy laser outputs of 80 or 100 sub-pulses per second. The effects of sub-pulse width on erbium laser ablation in sub-pulse sequence mode were investigated. The pulse widths of the sub-pulse during ablation were set to 20, 30, 40 and 50 μs, respectively, and the pulse energy of the laser was maintained at 45 mJ. The influence of sub-pulse width on the ablation mass, the temperature rise in the pulp chamber, and the cavity microstructure were analyzed without cooling water mist.Results indicate that shorter sub-pulse widths can increase the ablation mass, reduce the temperature rise in the pulp chamber, prolong the operation time, and improve efficiency. In addition, improved cavity microstructure and more open dentinal tubules were obtained, which are both beneficial to adhesive repair and treatment.

江健涛, 魏蒙恩, 熊正东, 吴先友, 程庭清, 江海河. 子脉冲序列模式Er∶YAG激光消融牙本质的实验观察[J]. 中国激光, 2021, 48(1): 0107001. Jianta Jiang, Meng'en Wei, Zhengdong Xiong, Xianyou Wu, Tingqing Cheng, Haihe Jiang. Observation of Dentin Ablation Using an Er∶YAG Laser in a Sub-Pulse Sequence Mode[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2021, 48(1): 0107001.

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