随着新型荧光探针、先进激光、高灵敏光电探测器等相关领域的不断发展，突破衍射极限的超分辨光学显微技术为现代生物医学研究提供了新的有力工具，其中的单分子定位技术利用荧光分子的光开关效应，实现了亚细胞结构的纳米精度超分辨成像.本文介绍了单分子定位超分辨显微技术的基本原理与实现，例举了其在细胞生物学、组织生物学以及神经科学等方面的应用，讨论了该技术目前的发展趋势及可能的改进方向，为相关领域科学研究提供参考.超分辨光学显微技术的不断创新将推动生命科学的新发展.

Super-resolution optical microscopy breaks through the diffraction limit and becomes a powerful tool for the modern biomedical research with the development of novel fluorescence probes, advanced lasers, high sensitivity photodetectors, etc. Single-molecule Localization Microscopy (SMLM), as one of the super-resolution technologies, can resolve the subcellular structures in nanoscale by using the photoswitching effect of certain fluorescence probes. In this paper, the principle and implementation of SMLM are introduced, the applications in the fields of cytobiology, tissue biology and neuroscience are presented, furthermore, the development trends and the futher investigated directions of this technique are discussed, providing references for the relevant research fields. The continuous innovation of super-resolution microscopy will promote the development of life science.