偏振是光的固有属性，当光与物质发生相互作用后，通过解构偏振态变化，可以获取材料组成和结构的重要信息。这一特性使得光的偏振具有很高的研究价值和应用前景。近年来，偏振成像、偏振信息等研究领域蓬勃发展，引起国内外学者的广泛关注。高效地获取偏振信息是该领域发展的关键技术，然而传统的偏振信息探测及获取方案有着各种不足，制约了偏振信息技术的持续化发展。超表面技术使得人们得以根据需求操控光的相位、振幅、偏振等，同时具有微型化和集成化的优势。文中以全矢量偏振信息的获取为出发点，以基于阿基米德螺旋结构的圆偏振探测器为引子，主要介绍基于超表面结构实现偏振信息探测技术的发展过程及研究现状，包括金属超表面偏振探测器、介质超表面偏振探测器以及超表面偏振成像等研究内容，最后展望了基于超表面结构的偏振信息探测技术未来的发展趋势。

Polarization is an inherent property of light. By deconstructing the relation between the incident and transmitting polarization states, the crucial information about the composition and structure of the interacting materials can be obtained, and thus polarization information shows high research value and application potential. In recent years, research areas, such as polarization imaging and polarization information, are flourishing and attracting wide attention of scholars all over the world. A key of these research fields is the acquisition of polarization information with high efficiency. However, conventional methods for acquisition of polarization information have various shortcomings, restricting the development of polarization information. Metasurface technology provides people with an opportunity to artificially change the phase, amplitude and polarization of light wave, with characteristics of miniaturization and integration. Firstly the polarization-information acquisition and the circular-polarization detector based on Archimedes spiral structure were introduced. Then the progress of polarization-information acquisition based on metasurface in recent years, including metal metasurface polarization detector, all-dielectric metasurface polarization detector, and polarization imagings was summarized. At last, the research status and development trend of the polarization-information acquisition technology based on metasurface were discussed.