糖尿病是一种以高血糖为特征的代谢障碍性疾病，是21世纪人类最需要重点解决的健康问题之一。因为降糖类药物的使用剂量需要根据血糖水平随时进行调整，所以血糖监测成为了糖尿病护理最重要的组成部分。经过半个多世纪的研究，大量的葡萄糖传感器被开发出来，不同的检测方法相继得到发展。通过梳理整个血糖监测系统的发展过程，阐述各类葡萄糖传感器的技术方案和特点，针对研究现状及存在问题进行总结讨论，并对未来的机遇与将要面对的挑战进行了展望。

Diabetes mellitus is defined as a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, which is one of the most serious health problems of the 21st century. Tight glycemic control is crucial for preventing diabetic complications. For more than 50 years of research, a considerable amount of glucose sensors is successively developed, and different innovative detection strategies are constantly developed. For blood glucose monitoring system, we review the history, expound the principles and advantages, discuss the recent developments and current status, and outline key challenges and opportunities in the future.