[1] A. R. Akhmerov, C. W. J. Beenakker, “Boundary conditions for Dirac fermions on a terminated honeycomb lattice,” Physics 77, 439–446 (2008). Google Scholar

[2] D. M. Basko, “Boundary problems for Dirac electrons and edge-assisted Raman scattering in graphene,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 79, 205428 (2009).

[3] W. Beugeling, J. C. Everts, C. M. Smith, “Topological phase transitions driven by next-nearest-neighbor hopping in two-dimensional lattices,” Phys. Rev. B 86, 1721–1725 (2012).

[4] K. I. Bolotin, K. J. Sikes, Z. Jiang, M. Klima, G. Fudenberg, J. Hone, P. Kim, H. L. Stormer, “Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene,” Solid State Commun. 146, 351–355 (2008). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[5] A. Girit, J. C. Meyer, R. Erni, M. D. Rossell, C. Kisielowski, Y. Li, C. H. Park, M. F. Crommie, M. L. Cohen, S. G. Louie, “Graphene at the edge: Stability and dynamics,” Science 323, 1705–1708 (2009).

[6] X. Li, D. Geng, Y. Zhang, X. Meng, R. Li, X. Sun, “Superior cycle stability of nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets as anodes for lithium ion batteries,” Electrochem. Commun. 13, 822–825 (2011).

[7] B. Shen, J. Chen, X. Yan, Q. Xue, “Synthesis of fluorine-doped multi-layered graphene sheets by arc-discharge,” Rsc Adv. 2, 6761–6764 (2012).

[8] H. W. Yoon, Y. H. Cho, H. B. Park, “Graphene-based membranes: Status and prospects,” Philos. Trans. 374, 20150024 (2016).

[9] J. Zhang, Z. Xie, W. Li, S. Dong, M. Qu, “High-capacity graphene oxide/graphite/carbon nanotube composites for use in Li-ion battery anodes,” Carbon 74, 153–162 (2014).

[10] S. De Jong, A. Haas, J. Qian, G. Blazey, D. Hedin, A. Sanchezhernandez, A. Heinson, J. G. Lima, R. Madaras, A. Duperrin, “Atomically thin MoS2: A new direct-gap semiconductor,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 136805 (2010).

[11] G. Eda, H. Yamaguchi, D. Voiry, T. Fujita, M. Chen, M. Chhowalla, “Photoluminescence from chemically exfoliated MoS2,” Nano Lett. 11, 5111–5116 (2011). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[12] Q. He, Z. Zeng, Z. Yin, H. Li, S. Wu, X. Huang, H. Zhang, “Fabrication of flexible MoS2 thin–film transistor arrays for practical gas–sensing applications,” Small 8, 2994–2999 (2012). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[13] D. Jariwala, V. K. Sangwan, D. J. Late, J. E. Johns, V. P. Dravid, T. J. Marks, L. J. Lauhon, M. C. Hersam, “Band-like transport in high mobility unencapsulated single-layer MoS2 transistors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 699 (2013).

[14] J. Liu, Z. Zeng, X. Cao, G. Lu, L. H. Wang, Q. L. Fan, W. Huang, H. Zhang, “Preparation of MoSa,-polyvinylpyrrolidone nanocomposites for flexible nonvolatile rewritable memory devices with reduced graphene oxide electrodes,” Small 8, 3517–3522 (2012).

[15] B. Radisavljevic, A. Radenovic, J. Brivio, V. Giacometti, A. Kis, “Single-layer MoS2 transistors,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 147–150 (2011). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[16] B. Radisavljevic, M. B. Whitwick, A. Kis, “Integrated circuits and logic operations based on single-layer MoS2,” ACS Nano 5, 9934–9938 (2011). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[17] A. Splendiani, L. Sun, Y. Zhang, T. Li, J. Kim, C. Y. Chim, G. Galli, F. Wang, “Emerging photoluminescence in monolayer MoS2,” Nano Lett. 10, 1271–1275 (2010). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[18] H. Wang, L. Yu, Y. H. Lee, Y. Shi, A. Hsu, M. L. Chin, L. J. Li, M. Dubey, J. Kong, T. Palacios, “Integrated circuits based on bilayer MoS2 transistors,” Nano Lett. 12, 4674 (2012). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[19] Z. Yin, H. Li, H. Li, L. Jiang, Y. Shi, Y. Sun, G. Lu, Q. Zhang, X. Chen, H. Zhang, “Single-layer MoS2 phototransistors,” ACS Nano 6, 74–80 (2012). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[20] C. Cong, J. Shang, X. Wu, B. Cao, N. Peimyoo, C. Qiu, L. Sun, T. Yu, “Synthesis and optical properties of large area single crystalline 2D semiconductor WS2 monolayer from chemical vapor deposition,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 2, 131–136 (2014). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[21] A. L. Elías, N. Perealópez, A. Castrobeltrán, A. Berkdemir, R. Lv, S. Feng, A. D. Long, T. Hayashi, Y. A. Kim, M. Endo, “Controlled synthesis and transfer of large-area WS2 sheets: From single layer to few layers,” ACS Nano 7, 5235–5242 (2013).

[22] K. M. Mccreary, A. T. Hanbicki, S. Simranjeet, R. K. Kawakami, G. G. Jernigan, I. Masa, N. Amy, T. H. Brintlinger, R. M. Stroud, B. T. Jonker, “The effect of preparation conditions on Raman and photoluminescence of monolayer WS2,” Sci. Rep. 6, 35154 (2016).

[23] M. Okada, T. Sawazaki, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguch, H. Hibino, H. Shinohara, R. Kitaura, “Direct chemical vapor deposition growth of WS2 atomic layers on hexagonal boron nitride,” ACS Nano 8, 8273–8277 (2014).

[24] N. Peimyoo, J. Shang, C. Cong, X. Shen, X. Wu, E. K. Yeow, T. Yu, “Nonblinking, intense two-dimensional light emitter: Monolayer WS2 triangles,” ACS Nano 7, 10985–10994 (2013). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[25] Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Q. Ji, J. Ju, H. Yuan, J. Shi, T. Gao, D. Ma, M. Liu, Y. Chen, “Controlled growth of high-quality monolayer WS2 layers on sapphire and imaging its grain boundary,” ACS Nano 7, 8963–8971 (2013). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[26] H. Huang, M. Qiu, Q. Li, S. Liu, X. Zhang, Z. Wang, N. Fu, B. Zhao, R. Yang, W. Huang, “Donor–acceptor conjugated polymers based on thieno[3,2-b]indole (TI) and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BT) for high efficiency polymer solar cells,” J. Mater. Chem. C 4, 5448–5460 (2016).

[27] S. Han, D. Wu, S. Li, F. Zhang, X. Feng, “ChemInform abstract: Porous graphene materials for advanced electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices,” Adv. Mater. 26, 849–864 (2014).

[28] Z. Jiang, B. Pei, A. Manthiram, “Randomly stacked holey graphene anodes for lithium ion batteries with enhanced electrochemical performance,” J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 7775–7781 (2013).

[29] M. Qiu, S. Long, B. Li, L. Yan, W. Xie, Y. Niu, X. Wang, Q. Guo, A. Xia, “Toward an understanding of how the optical property of water-soluble cationic polythiophene derivative is altered by the addition of salts: The Hofmeister effect,” J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 21870–21878 (2013).

[30] W. C. Ren, L. B. Gao, L. P. Ma, H. M. Cheng, “Preparation of graphene by chemical vapor deposition,” Carbon 49, 2881 (2011).

[31] D. Zhu, Q. Zhu, C. Gu, D. Ouyang, M. Qiu, X. Bao, R. Yang, “Alkoxyl side chain substituted thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione to enhance photovoltaic performance with low steric hindrance and high dipole moment,” Macromolecules 49, 5788–5795 (2016).

[32] M. Qiu, D. Zhu, X. Bao, J. Wang, X. Wang, R. Yang, “WO3 with surface oxygen vacancies as an anode buffer layer for high performance polymer solar cells,” J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 894–900 (2016).

[33] M. Qiu, D. Zhu, L. Yan, N. Wang, L. Han, X. Bao, Z. Du, Y. Niu, R. Yang, “Strategy to manipulate molecular orientation and charge mobility in D-A type conjugated polymer through rational fluorination for improvements of photovoltaic performances,” J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 22757–22765 (2016).

[34] M. Qiu, R. G. Brandt, Y. Niu, X. Bao, D. Yu, N. Wang, L. Han, L. Yu, S. Xia, R. Yang, “Theoretical study on the rational design of cyano-substituted P3HT materials for OSCs: Substitution effect on the improvement of photovoltaic performance,” J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 8501–8511 (2015).

[35] Y. Zhang, Y. Zheng, K. Rui, H. H. Hng, K. Hippalgaonkar, J. Xu, W. Sun, J. Zhu, Q. Yan, W. Huang, “2D black phosphorus for energy storage and thermoelectric applications,” Small 13, 1700661 (2017).

[36] W. Lei, G. Liu, J. Zhang, M. Liu, “Black phosphorus nanostructures: Recent advances in hybridization, doping and functionalization,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 46, 3492 (2017).

[37] M. Qiu, W. X. Ren, T. Jeong, M. Won, G. Y. Park, D. K. Sang, L.-P. Liu, H. Zhang, J. S. Kim, “Omnipotent phosphorene: A next-generation, two-dimensional nanoplatform for multidisciplinary biomedical applications,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 5588–5601 (2018).

[38] Y. Lin, Y. Wu, R. Wang, G. Tao, P. F. Luo, X. Lin, G. Huang, J. Li, H. H. Yang, “Two-dimensional tellurium nanosheets for photoacoustic imaging-guided photodynamic therapy,” Chem. Commun. 54, 8579–8582 (2018).

[39] T. Guo, Y. Lin, Z. Li, S. Chen, G. Huang, H. Lin, J. Wang, G. Liu, H. H. Yang, “Gadolinium oxysulfide-coated gold nanorods with improved stability and dual-modal magnetic resonance/photoacoustic imaging contrast enhancement for cancer theranostics,” Nanoscale 9, 56–61 (2017).

[40] Z. Chen, X. Liu, Y. Liu, S. Gunsel, J. Luo, “Ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets with superior extreme pressure property as boundary lubricants,” Sci. Rep. 5, 12869 (2015).

[41] L. Cizaire, B. Vacher, T. L. Mogne, J. M. Martin, L. Rapoport, A. Margolin, R. Tenne, “Mechanisms of ultra-low friction by hollow inorganic fullerene-like MoS 2 nanoparticles,” Surf. Coat. Technol. 160, 282–287 (2002). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[42] J. J. Hu, J. E. Bultman, J. S. Zabinski, “Microstructure and lubrication mechanism of multilayered MoS 2/Sb 2 O 3 thin films,” Tribol. Lett. 21, 169–174 (2006).

[43] B. Huard, N. Stander, J. A. Sulpizio, D. Goldhaber-Gordon, “Evidence of the role of contacts on the observed electron-hole asymmetry in graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 78, 121402 (2008).

[44] W. J. Liu, H. Y. Yu, J. Wei, M. F. Li, “Impact of process induced defects on the contact characteristics of Ti/graphene devices,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 14, K67 (2011).

[45] K. Nagashio, T. Nishimura, K. Kita, A. Toriumi, “Contact resistivity and current flow path at metal/graphene contact,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 1068 (2010).

[46] T. Xian, W. Liang, J. Zhao, Z. Li, Q. Meng, T. Fan, C. S. Luo, Z. Ye, L. Yu, Z. Guo, “Fluorinated phosphorene: Electrochemical synthesis, atomistic fluorination, and enhanced stability,” Small 13, 1702739 (2017).

[47] Z. Xie, D. Wang, T. Fan, C. Xing, Z. Li, W. Tao, L. Liu, S. Bao, D. Fan, H. Zhang, “Black phosphorus analogue tin sulfide nanosheets: Synthesis and application as near-infrared photothermal agents and drug delivery platforms for cancer therapy,” J. Mater. Chem. B 6, 4747–4755 (2018).

[48] C. Xing, W. Huang, Z. Xie, J. Zhao, D. Ma, T. Fan, W. Liang, Y. Ge, B. Dong, J. Li, “Ultra-small bismuth quantum dots: Facile liquid-phase exfoliation, characterization, and application in high-performance UV-Vis photo-detector,” ACS Photon. 5, 621–629 (2017).

[49] Y. Song, Z. Liang, X. Jiang, Y. Chen, Z. Li, L. Lu, Y. Ge, K. Wang, J. Zheng, S. Lu, “Few-layer antimonene decorated microfiber: Ultra-short pulse generation and all-optical thresholding with enhanced long term stability,” 2d Mater. 4, 045010 (2017).

[50] Y. Ge, Z. Zhu, Y. Xu, Y. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Liang, Y. Song, Y. Zou, H. Zeng, S. Xu, “Ultrafast photonics: Broadband nonlinear photoresponse of 2D TiS2 for ultrashort pulse generation and alloptical thresholding devices (Advanced Optical Materials 4/2018),” Adv. Opt. Mater. 6, 1870014 (2018).

[51] H. Dong, J. Zhang, H. Ju, H. Lu, S. Wang, S. Jin, K. Hao, H. Du, X. Zhang, “Highly sensitive multiple microRNA detection based on fluorescence quenching of graphene oxide and isothermal strand-displacement polymerase reaction,” Anal. Chem. 84, 4587–4593 (2012).

[52] P. Hu, C. Zhu, L. Jin, S. Dong, “An ultrasensitive fluorescent aptasensor for adenosine detection based on exonuclease III assisted signal amplification,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 34, 83–87 (2012).

[53] B. Li, X. Li, M. Wang, Z. Yang, H. Yin, S. Ai, “Photoelectrochemical biosensor for highly sensitive detection of microRNA based on duplex-specific nuclease-triggered signal amplification,” J. Solid State Electrochem. 19, 1301–1309 (2015).

[54] Y. Lu, P. Wu, Y. Yin, H. Zhang, C. Cai, “Aptamer-functionalized graphene oxide for highly efficient loading and cancer cell-specific delivery of antitumor drug,” J. Mater. Chem. B 2, 3849–3859 (2014).

[55] Y. Ohno, K. Maehashi, K. Matsumoto, “Label-free biosensors based on aptamer-modified graphene field-effect transistors,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 18012–18013 (2010).

[56] J. Z. Ou, A. F. Chrimes, Y. Wang, S. Y. Tang, M. S. Strano, K. Kalantarzadeh, “Ion-driven photoluminescence modulation of quasi-two-dimensional MoS2 nanoflakes for applications in biological systems,” Nano Lett. 14, 857 (2014).

[57] D. Sarkar, W. Liu, X. Xie, A. C. Anselmo, S. Mitragotri, K. Banerjee, “MoS2 field-effect transistor for next-generation label-free biosensors,” ACS Nano 8, 3992 (2014).

[58] P. Wu, Y. Qian, P. Du, H. Zhang, C. Cai, “Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene for measuring the releasing process of hydrogen peroxide from living cells,” J. Mater. Chem. 22, 6402–6412 (2012).

[59] Q. Xi, D. M. Zhou, Y. Y. Kan, J. Ge, Z. K. Wu, R. Q. Yu, J. H. Jiang, “Highly sensitive and selective strategy for microRNA detection based on WS2 nanosheet mediated fluorescence quenching and duplex-specific nuclease signal amplification,” Anal. Chem. 86, 1361 (2014).

[60] X. H. Zhao, Q. J. Ma, X. X. Wu, X. Zhu, “Graphene oxide-based biosensor for sensitive fluorescence detection of DNA based on exonuclease III-aided signal amplification,” Anal. Chim. Acta 727, 67–70 (2012).

[61] C. Zhu, Z. Zeng, H. Li, F. Li, C. Fan, H. Zhang, “Single-layer MoS2-based nanoprobes for homogeneous detection of biomolecules,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 5998 (2013). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[62] L. Cheng, J. Liu, X. Gu, H. Gong, X. Shi, T. Liu, C. Wang, X. Wang, G. Liu, H. Xing, “PEGylated WS(2) nanosheets as a multifunctional theranostic agent for in vivo dual-modal CT/photoacoustic imaging guided photothermal therapy,” Adv. Mater. 26, 1886–1893 (2014).

[63] T. Liu, S. Shi, C. Liang, S. Shen, L. Cheng, C. Wang, X. Song, S. Goel, T. E. Barnhart, W. Cai, “Iron oxide decorated MoS2 nanosheets with double PEGylation for chelator-free radiolabeling and multimodal imaging guided photothermal therapy,” ACS Nano 9, 950–960 (2015). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[64] T. Liu, C. Wang, W. Cui, H. Gong, C. Liang, X. Shi, Z. Li, B. Sun, Z. Liu, “Combined photothermal and photodynamic therapy delivered by PEGylated MoS2 nanosheets,” Nanoscale 6, 11219–11225 (2014).

[65] X. Qian, S. Shen, T. Liu, L. Cheng, Z. Liu, “Two-dimensional TiSa, nanosheets for in vivo photoacoustic imaging and photothermal cancer therapy,” Nanoscale 7, 6380–6387 (2015).

[66] L. V. Wang, S. Hu, “Photoacoustic tomography: In vivo imaging from organelles to organs,” Science 335, 1458–1462 (2012). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[67] S. Wang, X. Li, Y. Chen, X. Cai, H. Yao, W. Gao, Y. Zheng, X. An, J. Shi, H. Chen, “A facile one-pot synthesis of a two-dimensional MoS2/Bi2 S3 composite theranostic nanosystem for multi-modality tumor imaging and therapy,” Adv. Mater. 27, 2775–2782 (2015).

[68] Y. Yong, L. Zhou, Z. Gu, L. Yan, G. Tian, X. Zheng, X. Liu, X. Zhang, J. Shi, W. Cong, “WS2 nanosheet as a new photosensitizer carrier for combined photodynamic and photothermal therapy of cancer cells,” Nanoscale 6, 10394–10403 (2014).

[69] W. Tao, X. Ji, X. Xu, M. A. Islam, Z. Li, S. Chen, P. E. Saw, H. Zhang, Z. Bharwani, Z. Guo, “Inside cover: Antimonene quantum dots: Synthesis and application as near infrared photothermal agents for effective cancer therapy (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39/2017),” Angew. Chem. 56, 11896 (2017).

[70] T. Liu, C. Wang, X. Gu, H. Gong, L. Cheng, X. Shi, L. Feng, B. Sun, Z. Liu, “Drug delivery with PEGylated MoS2 nano-sheets for combined photothermal and chemotherapy of cancer,” Adv. Mater. 26, 3433–3440 (2014).

[71] Y. Ma, H. Wang, Y. Dan, Y. Wei, Y. Cao, P. Yi, H. Zhang, Z. Deng, J. Dai, X. Liu, “Magnetic resonance imaging revealed splenic targeting of canine parvovirus capsid protein VP2,” Sci. Rep. 6, 23392 (2016).

[72] N. Shadjou, M. Hasanzadeh, “Graphene and its nanostructure derivatives for use in bone tissue engineering: Recent advances,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 104, 1250–1275 (2016).

[73] C. Wang, C. Wu, X. Zhou, T. Han, X. Xin, J. Wu, J. Zhang, S. Guo, “Enhancing cell nucleus accumulation and DNA cleavage activity of anti-cancer drug via graphene quantum dots,” Sci. Rep. 3, 2852 (2013).

[74] Z. Xie, C. Xing, W. Huang, T. Fan, Z. Li, J. Zhao, Y. Xiang, Z. Guo, J. Li, Z. Yang, “Ultrathin 2D nonlayered tellurium nanosheets: Facile liquidphase exfoliation, characterization, and photoresponse with high performance and enhanced stability,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1705833 (2018).

[75] C. Xing, Z. Xie, Z. Liang, W. Liang, T. Fan, J. S. Ponraj, S. C. Dhanabalan, D. Fan, H. Zhang, “Selenium nanosheets: 2D nonlayered selenium nanosheets: Facile synthesis, photoluminescence, and ultrafast photonics (Advanced Optical Materials 24/2017),” Adv. Opt. Mater. 5, 1700884 (2017).

[76] L. Wu, Z. Xie, L. Lu, J. Zhao, Y. Wang, X. Jiang, Y. Ge, F. Zhang, S. Lu, Z. Guo, “Few layer tin sulfide: A promising black phosphorus analogue 2D material with exceptionally large nonlinear optical response, high stability, and applications in all optical switching and wavelength conversion,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 6, 1700985 (2018).

[77] L. Lu, Z. Liang, L. Wu, Y. X. Chen, Y. Song, S. C. Dhanabalan, J. S. Ponraj, B. Dong, Y. Xiang, F. Xing, “Few layer bismuthene: Sonochemical exfoliation, nonlinear optics and applications for ultrafast photonics with enhanced stability,” Laser Photon. Rev. 12, 1700221 (2018).

[78] R. Balog, B. Jorgensen, L. Nilsson, M. Andersen, E. Rienks, M. Bianchi, M. Fanetti, E. Laegsgaard, A. Baraldi, S. Lizzit, “Bandgap opening in graphene induced by patterned hydrogen adsorption,” Nat. Mater. 9, 315 (2010). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[79] C. Coletti, C. Riedl, D. S. Lee, B. Krauss, L. Patthey, K. Von Klitzing, J. H. Smet, U. Starke, “Charge neutrality and band-gap tuning of epitaxial graphene on SiC by molecular doping,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 81, 136–138 (2010).

[80] X. Deng, Y. Wu, J. Dai, D. Kang, D. Zhang, “Electronic structure tuning and band gap opening of graphene by hole/electron codoping,” Phys. Lett. A 375, 3890–3894 (2011).

[81] P. A. Denis, “Band gap opening of monolayer and bilayer graphene doped with aluminium, silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 492, 251–257 (2010). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[82] X. Fan, Z. Shen, A. Q. Liu, J. L. Kuo, “Band gap opening of graphene by doping small boron nitride domains,” Nanoscale 4, 2157–2165 (2012).

[83] H. Gao, L. Wang, J. Zhao, F. Ding, J. Lu, “Band gap tuning of hydrogenated graphene: H coverage and configuration dependence,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 3236–3242 (2011). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[84] C. Lin, Y. Feng, Y. Xiao, M. Dürr, X. Huang, X. Xu, R. Zhao, E. Wang, X. Z. Li, Z. Hu, “Direct observation of ordered configurations of hydrogen adatoms on graphene,” Nano Lett. 15, 903 (2015).

[85] P. Rani, V. K. Jindal, “Designing band gap of graphene by B and N dopant atoms,” RSC Adv. 3, 802–812 (2012).

[86] J. O. Sofo, “Graphane: A two-dimensional hydrocarbon,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 153401 (2007). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[87] J. W. Yang, G. Lee, J. S. Kim, K. S. Kim, “Gap opening of graphene by dual FeCl3-acceptor and K-donor doping,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 2577–2581 (2015).

[88] I. Zanella, S. Guerini, S. B. Fagan, J. M. Filho, A. G. S. Filho, “Chemical doping-induced gap opening and spin polarization in graphene,” Phys. Rev. B 77, 033404 (2008).

[89] A. S. George, Z. Mutlu, R. Ionescu, R. J. Wu, J. S. Jeong, H. H. Bay, Y. Chai, K. A. Mkhoyan, M. Ozkan, C. S. Ozkan, “Wafer scale synthesis and high resolution structural characterization of atomically thin MoS2 layers,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 7461–7466 (2015).

[90] K. K. Liu, W. Zhang, Y. H. Lee, Y. C. Lin, M. T. Chang, C. Y. Su, C. S. Chang, H. Li, Y. Shi, H. Zhang, “Growth of large-area and highly crystalline MoS2 thin layers on insulating substrates,” Nano Lett. 12, 1538–1544 (2012). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[91] G. Li-Yong, Z. Qingyun, C. Yingchun, S. G. Udo, “Photovoltaic heterojunctions of fullerenes with MoS2 and WS2 monolayers,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5, 1445–1449 (2014).

[92] K. S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, F. Schedin, T. J. Booth, V. V. Khotkevich, S. V. Morozov, A. K. Geim, T. M. Rice, “Two-dimensional atomic crystals,” Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 10451–10453 (2005). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[93] N. Perealópez, Z. Lin, N. R. Pradhan, A. Iniguezrábago, A. L. Elías, A. Mccreary, J. Lou, P. M. Ajayan, H. Terrones, L. Balicas, “CVD-grown monolayered MoS2 as an effective photosensor operating at low-voltage,” 2d Mater. 1, 011004 (2014).

[94] Y. Shi, W. Zhou, A. Y. Lu, W. Fang, Y. H. Lee, A. L. Hsu, S. M. Kim, K. K. Kim, H. Y. Yang, L. J. Li, “van der Waals epitaxy of MoSa, layers using graphene as growth templates,” Nano Lett. 12, 2784–2791 (2012).

[95] S. Walia, S. Balendhran, H. Nili, S. Zhuiykov, G. Rosengarten, Q. H. Wang, M. Bhaskaran, S. Sriram, M. S. Strano, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, “Transition metal oxides — Thermoelectric properties,” Prog. Mater. Sci. 58, 1443–1489 (2013). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[96] M. Ye, D. Winslow, D. Zhang, R. Pandey, Y. K. Yap, “Recent advancement on the optical properties of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin films,” Photonics 2, 288–307 (2015).

[97] M. Chen, H. Nam, S. Wi, G. Priessnitz, I. M. Gunawan, X. Liang, “Multibit data storage states formed in plasma-treated MoS2 transistors,” ACS Nano 8, 4023–4032 (2014).

[98] S. Chuang, C. Battaglia, A. Azcatl, S. Mcdonnell, J. S. Kang, X. Yin, M. Tosun, R. Kapadia, H. Fang, R. M. Wallace, “MoS2 P-type transistors and diodes enabled by high workfunction MoOx contacts,” Nano Lett. 14, 1337 (2014).

[99] J. N. Coleman, M. Lotya, A. O’Neill, S. D. Bergin, P. J. King, U. Khan, K. Young, A. Gaucher, S. De, R. J. Smith, “Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials,” Science 42, 568–571 (2011).

[100] J. Kang, W. Liu, K. Banerjee, “High-performance MoS2 transistors with low-resistance molybdenum contacts,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 093106-5 (2014).

[101] H. Li, Q. Zhang, C. C. R. Yap, B. K. Tay, T. H. T. Edwin, A. Olivier, D. Baillargeat, “From bulk to monolayer MoS2: Evolution of Raman scattering,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 1385–1390 (2012). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[102] B. Liu, L. Chen, G. Liu, A. N. Abbas, M. Fathi, C. Zhou, “High-performance chemical sensing using Schottky-contacted chemical vapor deposition grown monolayer MoS2 transistors,” ACS Nano 8, 5304–5314 (2014).

[103] L. Yang, K. Majumdar, H. Liu, Y. Du, H. Wu, M. Hatzistergos, P. Y. Hung, R. Tieckelmann, W. Tsai, C. Hobbs, “Chloride molecular doping technique on 2D materials: WS2 and MoS2,” Nano Lett. 14, 6275 (2014).

[104] Z. Zeng, Z. Yin, X. Huang, H. Li, Q. He, G. Lu, F. Boey, H. Zhang, “Single layer semiconducting nanosheets: High yield preparation and device fabrication,” Angew. Chem. 50, 11093–11097 (2011).

[105] W. Huang, C. Xing, Y. Wang, Z. Li, L. Wu, D. Ma, X. Dai, Y. Xiang, J. Li, D. Fan, “Facile fabrication and characterization of two-dimensional bismuth-(iii) sulfide nanosheets for high-performance photodetector applications under ambient conditions,” Nanoscale 14, 1702082 (2018). Google Scholar

[106] X. Jiang, S. Liu, W. Liang, S. Luo, Z. He, Y. Ge, H. Wang, R. Cao, F. Zhang, Q. Wen, “Broadband nonlinear photonics in few layer MXene Ti3C2Tx (T == F, O, or OH),” Laser Photon. Rev. 12, 1700229 (2017).

[107] D. Ma, Y. Li, J. Yang, H. Mi, S. Luo, L. Deng, C. Yan, P. Zhang, Z. Lin, X. Ren, “Atomic layer deposition-enabled ultrastable freestanding carbon-selenium cathodes with high mass loading for sodium-selenium battery,” Nano Energy 43, 317–325 (2017).

[108] H. Liu, K. Hu, D. Yan, R. Chen, Y. Zou, H. Liu, S. Wang, “Recent advances on black phosphorus for energy storage, catalysis, and sensor applications,” Adv. Mater. 30, 1800295 (2018).

[109] H. Liu, A. T. Neal, Z. Zhu, Z. Luo, X. Xu, D. Tománek, P. D. Ye, “Phosphorene: An unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility,” ACS Nano 8, 4033–4041 (2014). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[110] A. Manjanath, A. Samanta, T. Pandey, A. K. Singh, “Semiconductor to metal transition in bilayer phosphorene under normal compressive strain,” Nanotechnology 26, 075701 (2015).

[111] X. Peng, Q. Wei, A. Copple, “Strain-engineered direct-indirect band gap transition and its mechanism in two-dimensional phosphorene,” Phys. Rev. B 90, 085402 (2014).

[112] J. P. Perdew, K. Burke, M. Ernzerhof, “Generalized gradient approximation made simple,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865–3868 (1996). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[113] E. Scalise, M. Houssa, G. Pourtois, V. Afanas’Ev, A. Stesmans, “Strain-induced semiconductor to metal transition in the two-dimensional honeycomb structure of MoS 2,” Nano Res. 5, 43–48 (2012).

[114] C. D. Zhang, J. C. Lian, W. Yi, Y. H. Jiang, L. W. Liu, H. Hu, W. D. Xiao, S. X. Du, L. L. Sun, H. J. Gao, “Surface structures of black phosphorus investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 18823–18826 (2009).

[115] J. R. Choi, K. W. Yong, J. Y. Choi, A. Nilghaz, Y. Lin, J. Xu, X. Lu, “Black phosphorus and its biomedical applications,” Theranostics 8, 1005–1026 (2018).

[116] X. Chen, G. Xu, X. Ren, Z. Li, X. Qi, K. Huang, H. Zhang, Z. Huang, J. Zhong, “A black/red phosphorus hybrid as an electrode material for high-performance Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors,” J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 6581–6588 (2017).

[117] S. C. Dhanabalan, J. S. Ponraj, Z. Guo, S. Li, Q. Bao, H. Zhang, “Emerging trends in phosphorene fabrication towards next generation devices,” Adv. Sci. 4, 1600305 (2017).

[118] J. Du, M. Zhang, Z. Guo, J. Chen, X. Zhu, G. Hu, P. Peng, Z. Zheng, H. Zhang, “Phosphorene quantum dot saturable absorbers for ultrafast fiber lasers,” Sci. Rep. 7, 42357 (2017).

[119] Y. Ge, S. Chen, Y. Xu, Z. He, Z. Liang, Y. Chen, Y. Song, D. Fan, K. Zhang, H. Zhang, “Few-layer selenium-doped black phosphorus: Synthesis, nonlinear optical properties and ultrafast photonics applications,” J. Mater. Chem. C 5, 6129–6135 (2017).

[120] Z. Guo, S. Chen, Z. Wang, Z. Yang, F. Liu, Y. Xu, J. Wang, Y. Yi, H. Zhang, L. Liao, “Metalion modified black phosphorus with enhanced stability and transistor performance,” Adv. Mater. 29, 1703811 (2017).

[121] J. Shi, Z. Li, D. K. Sang, Y. Xiang, J. Li, S. Zhang, H. Zhang, “THz photonics in two dimensional materials and metamaterials: Properties, devices and prospects,” J. Mater. Chem. C 6, 1291–1306 (2018).

[122] J. Sotor, G. Sobon, W. Macherzynski, P. Paletko, K. M. Abramski, “Black phosphorus saturable absorber for ultrashort pulse generation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 440–449 (2015).

[123] X. H. Wang, J. L. Xu, S. F. Gao, Y. J. Sun, Z. J. Zhu, H. P. Xia, Z. Y. You, H. Zhang, C. Y. Tu, “Frequency stabilization of a dual-frequency Yb3 ++ :GdAl3(BO3)4 laser via nonlinear loss modulation in black phosphorus,” Laser Phys. Lett. 14, 065802 (2017).

[124] Y. Xu, X. F. Jiang, Y. Ge, Z. Guo, Z. Zeng, Q. H. Xu, H. Zhang, X. F. Yu, D. Fan, “Size-dependent nonlinear optical properties of black phosphorus nanosheets and their applications in ultrafast photonics,” J. Mater. Chem. C 5, 3007–3013 (2017).

[125] J. W. Jiang, H. S. Park, “Mechanical properties of single-layer black phosphorus,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 47, 385304 (2014).

[126] Y. Poya, K. Bijandra, F. Tara, W. Canhui, A. Mohammad, T. David, I. J. Ernesto, R. F. Klie, S. K. Amin, “High-quality black phosphorus atomic layers by liquid-phase exfoliation,” Adv. Mater. 27, 1887–1892 (2015).

[127] S. Sugai, I. Shirotani, “Raman and infrared reflection spectroscopy in black phosphorus,” Solid State Commun. 53, 753–755 (1985).

[128] X. Wang, A. M. Jones, K. L. Seyler, V. Tran, Y. Jia, H. Zhao, H. Wang, L. Yang, X. Xu, F. Xia, “Highly anisotropic and robust excitons in monolayer black phosphorus,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 517–521 (2015).

[129] Q. Wei, X. Peng, “Superior mechanical flexibility of phosphorene and few-layer black phosphorus,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 372–398 (2014).

[130] Z. Yang, J. Hao, S. Yuan, S. Lin, H. M. Yau, J. Dai, S. P. Lau, “Field-effect transistors based on amorphous black phosphorus ultrathin films by pulsed laser deposition,” Adv. Mater. 27, 3748–3754 (2015).

[131] Y. Xu, W. Wang, Y. Ge, H. Guo, X. Zhang, S. Chen, Y. Deng, Z. Lu, H. Zhang, “Stabilization of black phosphorous quantum dots in PMMA nanofiber film and broadband nonlinear optics and ultrafast photonics application,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1702437 (2017).

[132] Y. Xu, J. Yuan, K. Zhang, Y. Hou, Q. Sun, Y. Yao, S. Li, Q. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, “Field-induced nn -doping of black phosphorus for CMOS compatible 2D logic electronics with high electron mobility,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1702211 (2017).

[133] H. Zhang, J. Liu, Z. Chu, Z. Guo, “2 μμ m passively Q-switched laser based on black phosphorus,” Opt. Mater. Expr. 6, 2374 (2016).

[134] M. C. Duch, G. R. S. Budinger, T. L. Yu, S. Soberanes, D. Urich, S. E. Chiarella, L. A. Campochiaro, A. Gonzalez, N. S. Chandel, M. C. Hersam, “Minimizing oxidation and stable nanoscale dispersion improves the biocompatibility of graphene in the lung,” Nano Lett. 11, 5201 (2011).

[135] J. Zheng, X. Tang, Z. Yang, Z. Liang, Y. Chen, K. Wang, Y. Song, Y. Zhang, J. Ji, Y. Liu, “Few-layer phosphorene-decorated microfiber for all-optical thresholding and optical modulation,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 5, 1700026 (2017).

[136] J. Zheng, Z. Yang, S. Chen, Z. Liang, X. Chen, R. Cao, Z. Guo, K. Wang, Y. Zhang, J. Ji, “Black phosphorus based all-optical-signal-processing: Towards high performances and enhanced stability,” ACS Photon. 4, 1466–1476 (2017).

[137] Y. Zhou, M. Zhang, Z. Guo, L. Miao, S. T. Han, Z. Wang, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, Z. Peng, “Recent advances in black phosphorus-based photonics, electronics, sensors and energy devices,” Mater. Horizons 4, 997–1019 (2017).

[138] W. Chen, J. Ouyang, H. Liu, M. Chen, K. Zeng, J. Sheng, Z. Liu, Y. Han, L. Wang, J. Li, L. Deng, Y. N. Liu, S. Guo, “Black phosphorus nanosheet-based drug delivery system for synergistic photodynamic/photothermal/chemotherapy of cancer,” Adv. Mater. 29, 1603864 (2017).

[139] C. R. Dean, A. F. Young, I. Meric, C. Lee, L. Wang, S. Sorgenfrei, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, P. Kim, K. L. Shepard, “Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 722–726 (2010). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[140] A. Favron, E. Gaufrès, F. Fossard, A. L. Phaneufl’Heureux, N. Y. Tang, P. L. Lévesque, A. Loiseau, R. Leonelli, S. Francoeur, R. Martel, “Photooxidation and quantum confinement effects in exfoliated black phosphorus,” Nat. Mater. 14, 826–832 (2015).

[141] G. H. Lee, Y. J. Yu, C. Lee, C. Dean, K. L. Shepard, P. Kim, J. Hone, “Electron tunneling through atomically flat and ultrathin hexagonal boron nitride,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 666 (2011).

[142] Y. Wang, J. Z. Ou, S. Balendhran, A. F. Chrimes, M. Mortazavi, D. D. Yao, M. R. Field, K. Latham, V. Bansal, J. R. Friend, “Electrochemical control of photoluminescence in two-dimensional MoS(2) nanoflakes,” ACS Nano 7, 10083–10093 (2013). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[143] J. D. Wood, S. A. Wells, D. Jariwala, K. S. Chen, E. Cho, V. K. Sangwan, X. Liu, L. J. Lauhon, T. J. Marks, M. C. Hersam, “Effective passivation of exfoliated black phosphorus transistors against ambient degradation,” Nano Lett. 14, 6964–6970 (2014). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[144] Z. Zeng, T. Sun, J. Zhu, X. Huang, Z. Yin, G. Lu, Z. Fan, Q. Yan, H. H. Hng, H. Zhang, “An effective method for the fabrication of few-layer-thick inorganic nanosheets,” Angew. Chem. 124, 9186–9190 (2012).

[145] N. M. Latiff, W. Z. Teo, Z. Sofer, A. C. Fisher, M. Pumera, “The cytotoxicity of layered black phosphorus,” Chemistry 21, 13991–13995 (2015).

[146] Kenry, C. T. Lim, “Biocompatibility and nanotoxicity of layered two-dimensional nanomaterials,” ChemNanoMat 3, 5–16 (2017).

[147] J. Shao, H. Xie, H. Huang, Z. Li, Z. Sun, Y. Xu, Q. Xiao, X. F. Yu, Y. Zhao, H. Zhang, H. Wang, P. K. Chu, “Biodegradable black phosphorus-based nanospheres for in vivo photothermal cancer therapy,” Nat. Commun. 7, 12967 (2016).

[148] X. Zhang, Z. Zhang, S. Zhang, D. Li, W. Ma, C. Ma, F. Wu, Q. Zhao, Q. Yan, B. Xing, “Size effect on the cytotoxicity of layered black phosphorus and underlying mechanisms,” Small 13, 1701210 (2017).

[149] X. Mu, J. Y. Wang, X. Bai, F. Xu, H. Liu, J. Yang, Y. Jing, L. Liu, X. Xue, H. Dai, Q. Liu, Y. M. Sun, C. Liu, X. D. Zhang, “Black phosphorus quantum dot induced oxidative stress and toxicity in living cells and mice,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 9, 20399–20409 (2017).

[150] S.-J. Song, Y. Shin, H. Lee, B. Kim, D.-W. Han, D. Lim, “Dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity of layered black phosphorus in fibroblastic cells,” Nanomaterials 8, 408 (2018).

[151] J. Homola, “Surface plasmon resonance sensors for detection of chemical and biological species,” Chem. Rev. 39, 462–493 (2008).

[152] H. Im, H. Shao, I. P. Yong, V. M. Peterson, C. M. Castro, R. Weissleder, H. Lee, “Label-free detection and molecular profiling of exosomes with a nano-plasmonic sensor,” Nat. Biotechnol. 32, 490–495 (2014).

[153] R. Jha, A. K. Sharma, “Chalcogenide glass prism based SPR sensor with Ag-Au bimetallic nanoparticle alloy in infrared wavelength region,” J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt. 11, 045502 (2009).

[154] A. Lahav, M. Auslender, I. Abdulhalim, “Sensitivity enhancement of guided-wave surface-plasmon resonance sensors,” Opt. Lett. 33, 2539–2541 (2008).

[155] C. F. Mandenius, R. Wang, A. Aldén, M. G. Bergstrom, S. Thébault, C. Lutsch, S. Ohlson, “Monitoring of influenza virus hemagglutinin in process samples using weak affinity ligands and surface plasmon resonance,” Anal. Chim. Acta 623, 66–75 (2008).

[156] E. Mauriz, A. Calle, J. J. Manclús, A. Montoya, L. M. Lechuga, “Multi-analyte SPR immunoassays for environmental biosensing of pesticides,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 387, 1449–1458 (2007).

[157] M. Piliarik, L. Párová, J. Homola, “High-throughput SPR sensor for food safety,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 24, 1399–1404 (2009).

[158] V. Shpacovitch, V. Temchura, M. Matrosovich, J. Hamacher, J. Skolnik, P. Libuschewski, D. Siedhoff, F. Weichert, P. Marwedel, H. Müller, “Application of surface plasmon resonance imaging technique for the detection of single spherical biological submicrometer particles,” Anal. Biochem. 486, 62–69 (2015).

[159] A. Turner, “Biosensors: Then and now,” Trends Biotechnol. 31, 119–120 (2013).

[160] A. W. Wark, H. J. Lee, R. M. Corn, “Long-range surface plasmon resonance imaging for bioaffinity sensors,” Anal. Chem. 77, 3904–3907 (2005).

[161] Y. Chen, R. Ren, H. Pu, J, Chang, S. Mao, J. Chen, “Field-effect transistor biosensors with two-dimensional black phosphorus nanosheets,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 89, 505–510 (2017).

[162] C. C. Mayorga-Martinez, N. Mohamad Latiff, A. Y. Eng, Z. Sofer, M. Pumera, “Black phosphorus nanoparticle labels for immunoassays via hydrogen evolution reaction mediation,” Anal. Chem. 88, 10074–10079 (2016).

[163] V. Kumar, J. R. Brent, M. Shorie, H. Kaur, G. Chadha, A. G. Thomas, E. A. Lewis, A. P. Rooney, L. Nguyen, X. L. Zhong, M. G. Burke, S. J. Haigh, A. Walton, P. D. McNaughter, A. A. Tedstone, N. Savjani, C. A. Muryn, P. O’Brien, A. K. Ganguli, D. J. Lewis, P. Sabherwal, “Nanostructured aptamer-functionalized black phosphorus sensing platform for label-free detection of myoglobin, a cardiovascular disease biomarker,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 8, 22860–22868 (2016).

[164] W. Gu, Y. Yan, X. Pei, C. Zhang, C. Ding, Y. Xian, “Fluorescent black phosphorus quantum dots as label-free sensing probes for evaluation of acetylcholinesterase activity,” Sens. Actuat. B: Chem. 250, 601–607 (2017).

[165] M. Lee, Y. H. Park, E. B. Kang, A. Chae, Y. Choi, S. Jo, Y. J. Kim, S.-J. Park, B. Min, T. K. An, J. Lee, S.-I. In, S. Y. Kim, S. Y. Park, I. In, “Highly efficient visible blue-emitting black phosphorus quantum dot: Mussel-inspired surface functionalization for bioapplications,” ACS Omega 2, 7096–7105 (2017).

[166] Y. T. Yew, Z. Sofer, C. C. Mayorga-Martinez, M. Pumera, “Black phosphorus nanoparticles as a novel fluorescent sensing platform for nucleic acid detection,” Mater. Chem. Front. 1, 1130–1136 (2017).

[167] T. D. Craggs, “Green fluorescent protein: Structure, folding and chromophore maturation,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 38, 2865–2875 (2009).

[168] J. R. Enterina, L. Wu, R. E. Campbell, “Emerging fluorescent protein technologies,” Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 27, 10–17 (2015).

[169] Y. Hong, J. W. Lam, B. Z. Tang, “Aggregation-induced emission: Phenomenon, mechanism and applications,” ChemInform 40, 4332–4353 (2009).

[170] J. Mei, N. L. Leung, R. T. Kwok, J. W. Lam, B. Z. Tang, “Aggregation-induced emission: Together we shine, united we soar!,” Chem. Rev. 115, 11718–11940 (2015).

[171] J. Qian, D. Wang, F. Cai, Q. Zhan, Y. Wang, S. He, “Photosensitizer encapsulated organically modified silica nanoparticles for direct two-photon photodynamic therapy and in vivo functional imaging,” Biomaterials 33, 4851–4860 (2012).

[172] T. Sun, Y. S. Zhang, B. Pang, D. C. Hyun, M. Yang, Y. Xia, “Engineered nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer therapy,” Angew. Chem. 53, 12320–12364 (2015). Google Scholar

[173] D. Wang, J. Qian, S. He, J. S. Park, K. S. Lee, S. Han, Y. Mu, “Aggregation-enhanced fluorescence in PEGylated phospholipid nanomicelles for in vivo imaging,” Biomaterials 32, 5880–5888 (2011).

[174] D. Wang, J. Qian, W. Qin, A. Qin, B. Z. Tang, S. He, “Biocompatible and photostable AIE dots with red emission for in vivo two-photon bioimaging,” Sci. Rep. 4, 4279 (2014).

[175] X. D. Wang, O. S. Wolfbeis, R. J. Meier, “Luminescent probes and sensors for temperature,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 7834–7869 (2013).

[176] Y. Zhang, J. Qian, D. Wang, Y. Wang, S. He, “Multifunctional gold nanorods with ultrahigh stability and tunability for in vivo fluorescence imaging, SERS detection, and photodynamic therapy,” Angew. Chem. 125, 1186–1189 (2013).

[177] Z. Zhao, B. He, B. Z. Tang, “Aggregation-induced emission of siloles,” Chem. Sci. 6, 5347–5365 (2015).

[178] P. P. Adiseshaiah, R. M. Crist, S. S. Hook, S. E. McNeil, “Nanomedicine strategies to overcome the pathophysiological barriers of pancreatic cancer,” Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 13, 750–765 (2016).

[179] V. P. Chauhan, R. K. Jain, “Strategies for advancing cancer nanomedicine,” Nat. Mater. 12, 958–962 (2013).

[180] X. B. Cheng, K. Shiro, K. Atsuhiro, H. Keiji, S. Norihiro, “Hyaluronan stimulates pancreatic cancer cell motility,” Oncotarget 7, 4829–4840 (2016). Google Scholar

[181] P. Couvreur, “Nanoparticles in drug delivery: Past, present and future,” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 65, 21–23 (2013).

[182] B. Diop-Frimpong, V. P. Chauhan, S. Krane, Y. Boucher, R. K. Jain, “Losartan inhibits collagen I synthesis and improves the distribution and efficacy of nanotherapeutics in tumors,” Proc. National Acad. Sci. USA 108, 2909–2914 (2011).

[183] R. Guo, J. Gu, Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, C. Gu, “MicroRNA-410 functions as a tumor suppressor by targeting angiotensin II type 1 receptor in pancreatic cancer,” IUBMB Life 67, 42–53 (2015).

[184] R. M. Hoffman, M. Bouvet, “Nanoparticle albumin-bound-paclitaxel: A limited improvement under the current therapeutic paradigm of pancreatic cancer,” Exp. Opin. Pharmacother. 16, 943–947 (2015).

[185] S. Lunardi, R. J. Muschel, T. B. Brunner, “The stromal compartments in pancreatic cancer: Are there any therapeutic targets?,” Cancer Lett. 343, 147–155 (2014).

[186] E. R. Manuel, J. Chen, M. D’Apuzzo, M. G. Lampa, T. I. Kaltcheva, C. B. Thompson, T. Ludwig, V. Chung, D. J. Diamond, “Salmonella-based therapy targeting indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase coupled with enzymatic depletion of tumor hyaluronan induces complete regression of aggressive pancreatic tumors,” Cancer Immunol. Res. 3, 1096 (2015).

[187] C. J. Whatcott, H. Hanl, D. D. V. Hoff, “Orchestrating the tumor microenvironment to improve survival for patients with pancreatic cancer normalization, not destruction,” Cancer J. 21, 299–306 (2015).

[188] G. Yin, J. Haendeler, C. Yan, B. C. Berk, “GIT1 functions as a scaffold for MEK1-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 activation by angiotensin II and epidermal growth factor,” Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 875–885 (2004).

[189] J. Shao, C. Ruan, H. Xie, Z. Li, H. Wang, P. K. Chu, X.-F. Yu, “Black-phosphorus-incorporated hydrogel as a sprayable and biodegradable photothermal platform for postsurgical treatment of cancer,” Adv. Sci. 5, 1700848 (2018).

[190] M. Qiu, D. Wang, W. Liang, L. Liu, Y. Zhang, X. Chen, D. K. Sang, C. Xing, Z. Li, B. Dong, F. Xing, D. Fan, S. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Cao, “Novel concept of the smart NIR-light-controlled drug release of black phosphorus nanostructure for cancer therapy,” Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 501–506 (2018).

[191] C. Sun, L. Wen, J. Zeng, Y. Wang, Q. Sun, L. Deng, C. Zhao, Z. Li, “One-pot solventless preparation of PEGylated black phosphorus nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer,” Biomaterials 91, 81–89 (2016).

[192] Z. Sun, Y. Zhao, Z. Li, H. Cui, Y. Zhou, W. Li, W. Tao, H. Zhang, H. Wang, P. K. Chu, X. F. Yu, “TiL4 -coordinated black phosphorus quantum dots as an efficient contrast agent for in vivo photoacoustic imaging of cancer,” Small 13, 1602896 (2017).

[193] G. Yang, Z. Liu, Y. Li, Y. Hou, X. Fei, C. Su, S. Wang, Z. Zhuang, Z. Guo, “Facile synthesis of black phosphorus-Au nanocomposites for enhanced photothermal cancer therapy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering analysis,” Biomater. Sci. 5, 2048–2055 (2017).

[194] G. Huang, X. Zhu, H. Li, L. Wang, X. Chi, J. Chen, X. Wang, Z. Chen, J. Gao, “Facile integration of multiple magnetite nanoparticles for theranostics combining efficient MRI and thermal therapy,” Nanoscale 7, 2667–2675 (2015).

[195] M. Zhou, R. Zhang, M. Huang, W. Lu, S. Song, M. P. Melancon, M. Tian, D. Liang, C. Li, “A chelator-free multifunctional [64Cu]CuS nanoparticle platform for simultaneous micro-PET/CT imaging and photothermal ablation therapy,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 15351–15358 (2010).

[196] H. Abrahamse, M. R. Hamblin, “New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy,” Biochem. J. 473, 347 (2016). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[197] B. N. And, M. A. Elsayed, “Preparation and growth mechanism of gold nanorods (NRs) using seed-mediated growth method,” Chem. Mater. 15, 1957–1962 (2003).

[198] A. A. Bhirde, V. Patel, J. Gavard, G. Zhang, A. A. Sousa, A. Masedunskas, R. D. Leapman, R. Weigert, J. S. Gutkind, J. F. Rusling, “Targeted killing of cancer cells in vivo and in vitro with EGF-directed carbon nanotube-based drug delivery,” ACS Nano 3, 307 (2009). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[199] F. Bryden, A. Maruani, J. Rodrigues, M. Cheng, H. Savoie, A. Beeby, V. Chudasama, R. W. Boyle, “Assembly of high-potency photosensitizer-antibody conjugates through application of dendron multiplier technology,” Bioconj. Chem. 29, 176 (2018).

[200] S. S. Chou, B. Kaehr, J. Kim, B. M. Foley, M. De, P. E. Hopkins, J. Huang, C. J. Brinker, V. P. Dravid, “Chemically exfoliated MoS2 as near-infrared photothermal agents,” Angew. Chem. 125, 4254–4258 (2013).

[201] T. A. Debele, S. L. Mekuria, H. C. Tsai, “A pH-sensitive micelle composed of heparin, phospholipids, and histidine as the carrier of photosensitizers: Application to enhance photodynamic therapy of cancer,” Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 98, 125 (2017).

[202] P. Drake, H. J. Cho, P. S. Shih, C. H. Kao, K. F. Lee, C. H. Kuo, X. Z. Lin, Y. J. Lin, “Gd-doped iron-oxide nanoparticles for tumour therapy via magnetic field hyperthermia,” J. Mater. Chem. 17, 4914–4918 (2007).

[203] N. R. Gemmell, A. Mccarthy, M. M. Kim, I. Veilleux, T. C. Zhu, G. S. Buller, B. C. Wilson, R. H. Hadfield, “A compact fiber-optic probe-based singlet oxygen luminescence detection system,” J. Biophoton. 10, 320 (2017).

[204] X. Huang, S. Tang, X. Mu, Y. Dai, G. Chen, Z. Zhou, F. Ruan, Z. Yang, N. Zheng, “Freestanding palladium nanosheets with plasmonic and catalytic properties,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 28–32 (2011).

[205] D. Jaque, L. M. Martínez, B. R. Del, P. Harogonzalez, A. Benayas, J. L. Plaza, E. R. Martín, J. S. García, “Nanoparticles for photothermal therapies,” Nanoscale 6, 9494–9530 (2014).

[206] H. Koo, H. Lee, S. Lee, K. H. Min, M. S. Kim, D. S. Lee, Y. Choi, I. C. Kwon, K. Kim, S. Y. Jeong, “ In vivo tumor diagnosis and photodynamic therapy via tumoral pH-responsive polymeric micelles,” Chem. Commun. 46, 5668–5670 (2010).

[207] F. G. Le, V. Sol, C. Ouk, P. Arnoux, C. Frochot, T. S. Ouk, “Enhanced photobactericidal and targeting properties of a cationic porphyrin following attachment of B. Polymyxin,” Bioconj. Chem. 28, 2493–2506 (2018). Google Scholar

[208] D. Li, L. Li, P. Li, Y. Li, X. Chen, “Apoptosis of HeLa cells induced by a new targeting photosensitizer-based PDT via a mitochondrial pathway and ER stress,” Oncotargets Therapy 8, 703–711 (2015).

[209] J. Li, F. Jiang, B. Yang, X. R. Song, Y. Liu, H. H. Yang, D. R. Cao, W. R. Shi, G. N. Chen, “Topological insulator bismuth selenide as a theranostic platform for simultaneous cancer imaging and therapy,” Sci. Rep. 3, 1998 (2013).

[210] Z. Liu, K. Rakhra, S. Sherlock, A. Goodwin, X. Chen, Q. Yang, D. W. Felsher, H. Dai, “Supramolecular stacking of doxorubicin on carbon nanotubes for in vivo cancer therapy,” Angew. Chem. 121, 7804–7808 (2010).

[211] K. K. Lo, C. K. Chung, N. Zhu, “Synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical properties, and biological labeling studies of cyclometalated iridium-(III) bis(pyridylbenzaldehyde) complexes: Novel luminescent cross-linkers for biomolecules,” Chemistry 9, 475–483 (2010).

[212] A. Nakagawa, Y. Hisamatsu, S. Moromizato, M. Kohno, S. Aoki, “Synthesis and photochemical properties of pH responsive tris-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes that contain a pyridine ring on the 2-phenylpyridine ligand,” Inorg. Chem. 53, 409–422 (2014).

[213] C. A. Poland, R. Duffin, I. Kinloch, A. Maynard, W. A. Wallace, A. Seaton, V. Stone, S. Brown, W. Macnee, K. Donaldson, “Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 423–428 (2008).

[214] N. K. Prasad, K. Rathinasamy, D. Panda, D. Bahadur, “Mechanism of cell death induced by magnetic hyperthermia with nanoparticles of γγ -MnxFe2–xO3 synthesized by a single step process,” J. Mater. Chem. 17, 5042–5051 (2007).

[215] G. Rahmathulla, P. F. Recinos, K. Kamian, A. M. Mohammadi, M. S. Ahluwalia, G. H. Barnett, “MRI-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy in neuro-oncology: A review of its current clinical applications,” Oncology 87, 67–82 (2014).

[216] V. Rapozzi, D. Ragno, A. Guerrini, C. Ferroni, P. E. Della, D. Cesselli, G. Castoria, D. M. Di, E. Saracino, V. Benfenati, “Androgen receptor targeted conjugate for bimodal photodynamic therapy of prostate cancer in vitro,” Bioconj. Chem. 26, 1662 (2015).

[217] K. Yang, L. Feng, X. Shi, Z. Liu, “Nano-graphene in biomedicine: Theranostic applications,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 530–547 (2012).

[218] Z. Yu, Q. Sun, W. Pan, N. Li, B. Tang, “A near-infrared triggered nanophotosensitizer inducing Domino effect on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species burst for cancer therapy,” ACS Nano 9, 11064–11074 (2015).

[219] A. Yuan, J. Wu, X. Tang, L. Zhao, F. Xu, Y. Hu, “Application of near-infrared dyes for tumor imaging, photothermal, and photodynamic therapies,” J. Pharmaceut. Sci. 102, 6–28 (2012).

[220] Z. Hu, Y. Sim, O. L. Kon, W. H. Ng, A. J. Ribeiro, M. J. Ramos, P. A. Fernandes, R. Ganguly, B. Xing, F. García, E. K. Yeow, “Unique triphenylphosphonium derivatives for enhanced mitochondrial uptake and photodynamic therapy,” Bioconj. Chem. 28, 590 (2017). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

[221] P. Zhang, C. Hu, W. Ran, J. Meng, Q. Yin, Y. Li, “Recent progress in light-triggered nanotheranostics for cancer treatment,” Theranostics 6, 948–968 (2016).

[222] H. Zhao, D. Xing, Q. Chen, “New insights of mitochondria reactive oxygen species generation and cell apoptosis induced by low dose photodynamic therapy,” Eur. J. Cancer 47, 2750–2761 (2011).

[223] Z. Sun, H. Xie, S. Tang, X. F. Yu, Z. Guo, J. Shao, H. Zhang, H. Huang, H. Wang, P. K. Chu, “Ultrasmall black phosphorus quantum dots: Synthesis and use as photothermal agents,” Angewandte Chemie 54, 11526–11530 (2015).

[224] H. Fu, Z. Li, H. Xie, Z. Sun, B. Wang, H. Huang, G. Han, H. Wang, P. K. Chu, X.-F. Yu, “Different-sized black phosphorus nanosheets with good cytocompatibility and high photothermal performance,” RSC Adv. 7, 14618–14624 (2017).

[225] C. Xing, S. Chen, M. Qiu, X. Liang, Q. Liu, Q. Zou, Z. Li, Z. Xie, D. Wang, B. Dong, L. Liu, D. Fan, H. Zhang, “Conceptually novel black phosphorus/cellulose hydrogels as promising photothermal agents for effective cancer therapy,” Adv. Healthcare Mater. 7, 1701510 (2018).

[226] C. Xing, G. Jing, X. Liang, M. Qiu, Z. Li, R. Cao, X. Li, D. Fan, H. Zhang, “Graphene oxide/black phosphorus nanoflake aerogels with robust thermo-stability and significantly enhanced photothermal properties in air,” Nanoscale 9, 8096–8101 (2017).

[227] Y. Zhao, L. Tong, Z. Li, N. Yang, H. Fu, L. Wu, H. Cui, W. Zhou, J. Wang, H. Wang, P. K. Chu, X.-F. Yu, “Stable and multifunctional dye-modified black phosphorus nanosheets for near-infrared imaging-guided photothermal therapy,” Chem. Mater. 29, 7131–7139 (2017).

[228] B. Yang, J. Yin, Y. Chen, S. Pan, H. Yao, Y. Gao, J. Shi, “2D-black-phosphorus-reinforced 3D-printed scaffolds: A stepwise countermeasure for osteosarcoma,” Adv. Mater. 30, 1705611 (2018).

[229] W. Chen, J. Ouyang, X. Yi, Y. Xu, C. Niu, W. Zhang, L. Wang, J. Sheng, L. Deng, Y. N. Liu, S. Guo, “Black phosphorus nanosheets as a neuroprotective nanomedicine for neurodegenerative disorder therapy,” Adv. Mater. 30, 1703458 (2018).

[230] H. Wang, X. Yang, W. Shao, S. Chen, J. Xie, X. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Xie, “Ultrathin black phosphorus nanosheets for efficient singlet oxygen generation,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 11376–11382 (2015).

[231] T. Guo, Y. Wu, Y. Lin, X. Xu, H. Lian, G. Huang, J. Z. Liu, X. Wu, H. H. Yang, “Black phosphorus quantum dots with renal clearance property for efficient photodynamic therapy,” Small 14, 1702815 (2018).

[232] L. Chen, C. Zhang, L. Li, H. Wu, X. Wang, S. Yan, Y. Shi, M. Xiao, “Ultrafast carrier dynamics and efficient triplet generation in black phosphorus quantum dots,” J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 12972–12978 (2017).

[233] L. Tan, J. Li, X. Liu, Z. Cui, X. Yang, K. W. K. Yeung, H. Pan, Y. Zheng, X. Wang, S. Wu, “In situ disinfection through photoinspired radical oxygen species storage and thermal-triggered release from black phosphorous with strengthened chemical stability,” Small 14, 1703197 (2018).

[234] X. Tang, Y. Liang, Y. Zhu, C. Xie, A. Yao, L. Chen, Q. Jiang, T. Liu, X. Wang, Y. Qian, “Anti-transferrin receptor-modified amphotericin B-loaded PLA-PEG nanoparticles cure Candidal meningitis and reduce drug toxicity,” Int. J. Nanomed. 10, 6227–6241 (2015).

[235] S. Tortorella, T. C. Karagiannis, “Transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis: A useful target for cancer therapy,” J. Membr. Biol. 247, 291–307 (2014).

[236] S. Gao, J. Li, C. Jiang, B. Hong, B. Hao, “Plasmid pORF-hTRAIL targeting to glioma using transferrin-modified polyamidoamine dendrimer,” Drug Des. Develop. Therapy 10, 1–11 (2016).

[237] J. A. Loureiro, B. Gomes, M. A. Coelho, C. P. M. Do, S. Rocha, “Targeting nanoparticles across the blood–brain barrier with monoclonal antibodies,” Nanomedicine 9, 709–722 (2014).

[238] M. Porru, S. Zappavigna, G. Salzano, A. Luce, A. Stoppacciaro, M. L. Balestrieri, S. Artuso, S. Lusa, G. D. Rosa, C. Leonetti, “Medical treatment of orthotopic glioblastoma with transferrin-conjugated nanoparticles encapsulating zoledronic acid,” Oncotarget 5, 10446–10459 (2014).

[239] T. R. Daniels, T. Delgado, G. Helguera, M. L. Penichet, “The transferrin receptor part II: Targeted delivery of therapeutic agents into cancer cells,” Clin. Immunol. 121, 159–176 (2006).

[240] W. Tao, X. Zhu, X. Yu, X. Zeng, Q. Xiao, X. Zhang, X. Ji, X. Wang, J. Shi, H. Zhang, L. Mei, “Black phosphorus nanosheets as a robust delivery platform for cancer theranostics,” Adv. Mater. 29, 1603276 (2017).

[241] S. Wang, J. Weng, X. Fu, J. Lin, W. Fan, N. Lu, J. Qu, S. Chen, T. Wang, P. Huang, “Black phosphorus nanosheets for mild hyperthermia-enhanced chemotherapy and chemo-photothermal combination therapy,” Nanotheranostics 1, 208–216 (2017).

[242] F. Yin, K. Hu, S. Chen, D. Wang, J. Zhang, M. Xie, D. Yang, M. Qiu, H. Zhang, Z.-G. Li, “Black phosphorus quantum dot based novel siRNA delivery systems in human pluripotent teratoma PA-1 cells,” J. Mater. Chem. B 5, 5433–5440 (2017).