铜质文物是中国古代文明发展历程的重要物质载体, 具有多重价值。 铜质文物在埋藏和保存过程中会发生腐蚀, 导致器物表面被多种锈蚀产物覆盖。 各类锈蚀产物对文物稳定性的影响不同, 其中含氯锈蚀产物最受关注, 因其多与“青铜病”有关。 “青铜病”是一种由氯离子引发的快速腐蚀现象, 可能对铜质文物的本体造成严重危害。 因此, 锈蚀产物的快速、 准确鉴定对铜质文物的保护与研究具有重要意义。 本研究以中国国家博物馆藏铜半结跏泥金观音表面锈蚀产物为研究对象, 综合利用大幅面X射线荧光成像（MA-XRF）、 光纤反射光谱（FORS）、 扫描电镜能谱（SEM-EDS）、 激光共焦显微拉曼光谱（Raman）几种方法对锈蚀产物成分结构及分布位置进行分析研究。 研究结果表明该观音造像表面锈蚀产物主要包括碱式氯化铜（氯铜矿和斜氯铜矿）和蓝铜钠石。 此外, 还发现了一种含锌的碱式氯化铜, 推测其分子式为Cu3.52-3.64Zn0.36-0.48(OH)6Cl2。 这类锈蚀产物在铜质文物表面鲜少发现, 该研究结果为其鉴定研究提供了新的参考数据。 综合各类分析结果, 进一步揭示了观音造像表面各类锈蚀产物的分布情况, 确定了碱式氯化铜主要分布于观音造像头冠部、 面部、 手部、 腿部、 底座、 足部等位置。 研究结果为准确判断该件文物受“青铜病”影响的严重程度提供了科学依据, 对该观音造像的合理有效保护具有重要意义。 广域和微区分析方法的有效结合也为铜质文物锈蚀产物分析提供了新思路。

Copper-based artefacts are the important material manifestations of the development of ancient Chinese civilization and possess multiple types of values. Copper-based artefacts suffer from corrosion in burial and storage environments, resulting in the formation of multiple types of corrosion products on the surface of the artefacts. Different varieties of corrosion products would have different influences on the stability of the objects. The chlorine-containing corrosion is the most concerning one since it is mostly related to “bronze disease”. The “bronze disease” is a corrosion phenomenon induced by chloride ions with a high developing rate and would cause severe damage to the metallic body of copper-based artefacts. Therefore, the accurate and rapid identification of corrosion products and the determination of their stability are of great importance for copper-based artefacts. This study focuses on the corrosion products of gold-painted copper-based bodhisattva (Guanyin) in half lotus position collected in the National Museum of China. Multiple analytical methods, including macro X-ray fluorescence imaging (MA-XRF), fiber optics reflection spectroscopy (FORS), scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and laser confocal micro Raman spectroscopy (Raman) were applied to study the composition, structure and distribution of its corrosion products. The results indicate that the corrosion products on the statues surface mainly include copper trihydroxychlorides (at acamite and clinoatacamite) and chalconatronite. A type of copper-zinc hydroxychlorides was also identified on the statue, which was seldomly found on copper-based artefacts before. The chemical formula is calculated as Cu3.52-3.64Zn0.36-0.48(OH)6Cl2. The result provides a new reference for future researchstudy of copper-zinc hydroxychlorides. The distribution of various types of corrosion products on this statue was revealed comprehensively through the current analytical work. Copper trihydroxychlorides are mainly located at the statues head, face, hands, legs, feet and lotus base. This study builds a scientific basis for accurately assessing the influence of “bronze disease” on the deterioration degree of the statue. The results are important for making proper preservation plans for the artefact. Combining macro and micro analysis methods could provide a new and effective way to investigate corrosion products on copper-based artefacts.