元素的形态分析在环境和生物分析中极其重要, 因为元素在生物体内的作用及其代谢过程在很大程度上取决于元素存在的化学形态, 而不仅仅是元素的总量。 形态分析是指测定样品中构成元素总量的单独物理化学形式的浓度。 最先进的形态分析方法是色谱分离和光谱检测的联用技术, 特别是色谱和电感耦合等离子-质谱(ICP-MS)的联用。 但是, 联用技术的设备投入大、 运行成本高, 难以在常规实验室中的推广应用。 在许多情况下, 采用非色谱分离方法对样品进行处理, 也可以得到足够的元素形态信息。 基于非色谱分离、 原子光谱测定的元素形态分析方法的费用低、 操作简单、 易于推广应用。 本文总结了元素形态分析的样品前处理方法, 综述了基于原子光谱法的元素形态分析中比较常用的非色谱分离技术, 对溶剂萃取、 浊点萃取、 单滴微萃取、 分散液液萃取等分离技术的原理、 应用和优缺点进行了评述, 介绍了固相萃取中常用的吸附剂及其在元素形态分离中的应用, 以及氢化物发生、 共沉淀等分离方法。 相比于色谱分离方法, 非色谱方法是快速、 灵敏、 廉价的分离技术。

The main purpose of the present work is to review the different non-chromatographic methods for the speciation analysis of trace elements in geological, environmental, biological and medical areas. In this paper, the sample processing methods in speciation analysis were summarized, and the main strategies for non-chromatographic technique were evaluated. The basic principles of the liquid extractions proposed in the published literatures recently and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed, such as conventional solvent extraction, cloud point extraction, single droplet microextraction, and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Solid phase extraction, as a non-chromatographic technique for speciation analysis, can be used in batch or in flow detection, and especially suitable for the online connection to atomic spectrometric detector. The developments and applications of sorbent materials filled in the columns of solid phase extraction were reviewed. The sorbents include chelating resins, nanometer materials, molecular and ion imprinted materials, and bio-sorbents. Other techniques, e.g. hydride generation technique and coprecipitation, were also reviewed together with their main applications.