费昂斯是由石英、 碱性助熔剂、 着色剂构成的表面釉层尚未达到非晶态的类玻璃制品, 五千年前在西亚地区出现, 是最早的人工材料制品之一, 常加工成珠饰的形式。 费昂斯珠经由草原丝绸之路传入中原地区后, 在两周时期大放异彩, 见证了我国古人学习费昂斯制造技术并自主改进的历程。 采用常规宝石学测试、 显微成像、 傅里叶红外光谱、 激光拉曼光谱、 扫描电镜-EDS能谱以及激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪多种方法对战国时期湖北随县曾侯乙墓、 湖北荆州熊家冢墓地出土费昂斯珠样品的谱学特征、 成分特征和制造工艺进行了测试研究。 测试结果显示曾侯乙墓出土费昂斯珠呈褐黄色, 较熊家冢墓地出土蓝绿色费昂斯珠有较大外观差异; 显微成像可见费昂斯珠表面釉层与胎体界限、 气孔及碎裂情况, 熊家冢墓地出土费昂斯珠在端口处可见小部分明显的非晶态釉层; 傅里叶红外光谱测试、 激光拉曼光谱测试显示两处出土费昂斯珠均含大量石英; 激光拉曼光谱测试熊家冢墓地费昂斯珠的蓝色釉层, 结果为一个复合谱图, 128、 207、 362、 468、 692、 797和1 188 cm-1处为石英的特征峰位, 979 cm-1为磷酸钙的特征峰, 磷酸钙的形成可能是因釉料中添加草木灰之类的植物灰料, 590和1 066 cm-1处的峰与CuSiO3·H2O有关, 3 346和3 435 cm-1为水的峰; 扫描电镜-EDS能谱以及激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测试结果显示二者具体成分差别较大, 曾侯乙墓出土费昂斯珠制作原料石英砂含杂质多, 较高含量的硫元素是其显著的不同点, 指示釉层可能使用了铜的硫化物; 而熊家冢墓地出土费昂斯珠原料纯净, 主体由大量石英砂构成, 表面有白色石英风化浸蚀层。 两处墓地时期相近, 所处国别不同, 对比其制作原料和工艺技术, 推测两个墓葬出土费昂斯珠不属同源体系, 且熊家冢墓地所代表的楚国工艺技术更成熟, 因此在战国时期我国应存在多个费昂斯生产中心。

Faience is a glass-like material composed of quartz, fusing and coloring agents. It is one of the earliest artificial materials, first appearing in West Asia 5 000 years ago and is usually made into beads. After being introduced to Central China via the Grassland Silk Road, the Faience beads grew in popularity there during the Western and Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Chinese ancient people learned and kept improving the manufacturing technology of faience beads for hundreds of years. This article selected the faience beads of the warring states period excavated from Zenghou Yi tomb and Xiongjiazhong tomb in Hubei province for testing. Various methods were used to determine the spectroscopy characteristic and manufacturing technology of the samples, including conventional gemological tests, microscopic imaging, Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS). The results revealed that the brown faience beads of the Zenghou Yi tomb differed from the blue and green faience beads of the Xiongjiazhong tomb in their composition. The boundary between the glaze and main body, porosity and fragmentation of the beads could be seen in the microscopic image. In addition, there is a small amorphous part on the glaze layer of the bead from the Xiongjiazhong tomb. LRS was used on the blue glaze layer of the beads from the Xiongjiazhong tomb and the spectrums composite. 128, 207, 362, 468, 692, 797, and 1 188 cm-1 were the characteristic peaks of quartz, and 979 cm-1 was the characteristic peak of calcium phosphate. The formation of calcium phosphate may be due to the plant ashes in the fusing agent. The peaks at 590 and 1 066 cm-1 were related to CuSiO3·H2O. 3 346 and 3 435 cm-1 were characteristic peaks of water. The results of SEM-EDS and LA-ICP-MS showed that there were more impurity substances in the material of the faience beads from Zenghou Yi tomb, and they had a higher content of S element, which indicated the glaze layer might use copper sulfide ores. Meanwhile, the material of the faience beads from the Xiongjiazhong tomb was pure, and the main body was composed of a large number of pure quartz sands, with white quartz weathered layer on the surface. It can be indicated that the faience beads from Zenghou Yi and Xiongjiazhong tombs were not from the same production center, and the manufacturing technology of the latter was advanced. There could be multiple production centers of faience beads in China during the Warring States period.