As microsatellite technology develops, precise inter-satellite measurement shows its significance in distributed satellite systems. In this Letter, a novel technique is proposed for measuring the inter-satellite distance, which adopts optoelectronic resonance and has a function of self-referencing. Resonance cavities have a high spectral purity and a high oscillation frequency. By utilizing the accumulative amplification principle to convert the measurement of distance to that of the frequency, high accuracy is achieved. In the experiment, this measuring scheme has a large measuring range between 1 and 6 km (can be potentially larger), and the accuracy is better than 1.5 μm. The relative accuracy reaches the level of 10 10.