光纤通信系统和网络是支撑信息社会的重要基础设施。大数据时代云计算、移动互连和虚拟现实等新型业务的迅速发展对信息传送能力提出了日益增长的迫切需求。为了应对这种需求，光纤传输技术向着更高速率和更大容量不断发展。文章介绍了高速光纤传输近年来的主要技术进展，讨论了面向长距离的相干检测和面向中短距离的直接检测光纤传输使能技术，总结了高波特率光纤传输技术的最新发展与未来趋势。

Optical systems and networks are important infrastructures to support information society. In the Big Data era, the emerging applications such as cloud computing, mobile interconnection, and virtual reality demand an ever-increasing capacity of information transportation. To meet this requirement, optical fiber transmission technology keeps the developing towards high-speed and large capacity. In this paper, we introduce the main recent advances in high-speed optical fiber transmission and discuss some enabling technologies of coherent detection for long haul transmission and direct detection for medium and short distance transmission. Some new technologies are summarized and a perspective is presented for high baud rate optical fiber transmission.