文物绘画胶结材料经常与颜料或染料以混合状态存在, 成分复杂, 在悠久的历史环境中, 胶结材料降解老化, 文物绘画层受到严重损害。 绘画内容蕴含很高的艺术、 历史和科学价值, 对古代的文化、 风俗, 科学技术, 宗教信仰等研究具有重要意义。 绘画胶结材料通常以多糖、 脂肪酸或蛋白质为基础, 其精确分析对彩绘文物的鉴定与保存材料的选择至关重要, 同时也有助于确定合适的保护处理方法, 故胶结材料在老化过程中的化学变化及其物质组成的认识是文物保护界的关注热点。 因文物具有不可再生性, 绘画胶结材料含量低, 样品允许微损或无损分析, 普通的分析方法在灵敏度上很难达到要求。 光谱技术作为文物材料结构的分析工具之一, 满足了胶结材料无损或微损的分析要求, 克服了传统化学手段的分析缺陷, 在文化遗产保存和保护领域得到了广泛的应用。 综述了红外光谱, 拉曼光谱, 紫外-可见和荧光光谱、 核磁共振等光谱技术在文物绘画用胶结材料分析中的应用。 红外光谱中, 其反射模式抗干扰强, 尤其是衰减全反射红外光谱图分辨率高; 同步辐射红外光谱检测面积小, 可对化合物精确定位、 分离; 漫反射和亚衍射极限红外光谱可分别进行非侵入性表征和纳米微区成像。 拉曼光谱对分子变化有特异性、 敏感性, 选择性强, 是胶结材料的有效检测技术。 荧光光谱除强的选择性外, 物理参数多, 获取被测分子信息多, 荧光寿命成像可区分胶结材料。 核磁共振二维谱能分析复杂混合物, 溶胀态核磁共振技术抗干扰, 分析时间短, 样品不需预处理; 电子顺磁共振和边缘结构可研究环境对颜料和胶结材料的影响。 光导纤维反射光谱可做原位无损分析, 中红外光纤反射光谱是分析胶结材料的理想方法, 该法与拉曼光谱法可信息互补, 区分复杂胶结材料。 综述中光谱技术大多可和化学计量学结合, 更好地进行胶结材料的研究, 但不同的光谱技术受现阶段方法所限, 获取的样品信息不尽相同, 样品分析时可把多个光谱技术结合起来以发挥各自优势, 弥补自身的测试不足, 相互补充印证, 提高分析结果的准确性。 另外对仪器联用技术做了简要介绍, 总结了目前胶结材料分析的难点, 对光谱技术的发展与应用前景做了展望。

Binding media used in cultural relics was often mixed with pigments or dyes, and the composition was complex. In the long historical preservation environment, the binding media degraded and aged, and the painting layer was seriously damaged. Because of its high artistic, historical and scientific value, the painting contents were of great significance to the study of ancient culture, customs, science and technology, and religious beliefs. Binding medias were usually based on polysaccharides, fatty acids or proteins, and their precise analysis is essential for the identification and preservation of painted artifacts, and also helps to determine the appropriate conservation method. Therefore, The chemical change of binding medias in the aging process and the understanding of its material composition are the hotspots of the conservation community. Due to the non-renewability of cultural relics, the content of the binding media was low, the sample allows micro-loss or non-destructive analysis, and ordinary analytical methods are difficult to meet the sensitivity requirements. As one of the analytical tools for the material and structure of cultural relics, spectroscopy technologies meet the requirements of non-destructive or micro-damage analysis of binding media, overcome the analytical defects of traditional chemical means, and have been widely used in the field of preservation and conservation of cultural heritage. In this paper, the applications of IR, Raman spectroscopy, UV and fluorescence spectroscopy and NMR technology in the analysis of binding media for painting are reviewed. In the IR spectrum, the reflection mode has strong anti-interference, especially the ATR IR spectrum image has high resolution; the synchronous radiation IR spectrum detection area is very small, and the compound can be accurately positioned and separated; the diffuse reflection and the AFM IR spectrum can be performed, for non-invasive characterization and nano-domain imaging, respectively. Raman spectroscopy is specific, sensitive and selective for molecular changes and is an effective detection technique for binding medias. In addition to strong selectivity, fluorescence spectra have many physical parameters and many molecular information of sample is obtained. Fluorescence lifetime imaging can distinguish binding medias. 2D NMR spectroscopy can analyze complex mixtures, and the swelled-state NMR technique is anti-interference, the time of analysis is short and the sample does not need to be pretreated. Electron paramagnetic resonance and edge structure can study the influence of environment on pigments and binding materials. The FORS can be used for in-situ non-destructive analysis, the mid-infrared FORS is an ideal method for analyzing binding medias, and this method is complementary to Raman spectroscopy and distinguishes complex binding medias. Most of the spectroscopy techniques described in this paper can be combined with chemometrics to better conduct binding medias. However, different spectroscopy techniques are limited by the current method, and the sample information obtained are not the same. When the samples are analyzed, multiple spectroscopy techniques can be combined to take advantage of each other, make up for their own testing challenges, complement each other and improve the accuracy of analysis results. In addition, the instrument combination technology is introduced briefly. Finally, the difficulties in the analysis of binding medias are summarized in this paper, and the development and application prospects of spectral technology are expected.