School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

¹ School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

² Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore

Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3J 1Z1, Canada

¹ School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

² Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

¹ State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

² Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

¹ Sargent Joint Research Center, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), School of Optical and

² Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China

Michael Gratzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

¹ Physics Department, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China

² Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China

³ Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

¹ State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China

² School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China

³ School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK

⁴ Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia

Institute of Luminescent Materials and Information Displays, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China

School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China