Optical performance monitoring using asynchronous optical or electrical sampling has gained considerable attention. Relative clock wander between data signal and sampling source is a typical occurrence in such systems. A method for the quantitative monitoring of the relative clock wander in asynchronous optical under-sampling system is presented. With a series of simulations, the clock wanders recovered using this method are in good agreement with the preset clock wanders of different amounts and frequencies for both RZ and NRZ signals. Hence, the reliability and robustness of the method are proven.

The fast parallel restoration (FPR) scheme is proposed to achieve the fast setup of restoration label switched path (LSP) in the distributed optical networks. The scheme is derived by dividing the whole restoration LSP into several segments of sub-LSP and triggering each sub-LSP along the new route to finish the signaling procedure concurrently, and subsequently merging all sub-LSPs into a whole LSP. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the FPR scheme outperforms the other two typical restoration schemes in terms of connection setup time.

We present a novel coherent transceiver for optical differential phase-shift keying/differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DPSK/DQPSK) signals based on heterodyne detection and electrical delay interferometer. A simulation framework is provided to predict a theoretical sensitivity level for the reported scheme. High sensitivity of {45.18 dBm is achieved for 2.5-Gb/s return-to-zero (RZ)-DPSK signal, and high sensitivities of {36.83 dBm (I tributary) and {35.90 dBm (Q tributary) are observed for 2.5-GBaud/s RZ-DQPSK signal in back-to-back configuration. Transmission for both signals over 100 km is also investigated. Experimental results are discussed and analyzed.

A novel all-fiber temperature-calibrated refractometer based on a compact fiber Bragg grating (FBG) single–multi–single (SMS) structure is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensor head is composed of a FBG combined with a SMS structure, in which the middle multimode fiber (MMF) section is etched by a time-controlled hydrofluoric. The transmission dip of SMS is extremely sensitive to ambient refractive index (RI) variation, whereas the upstream FBG provides the necessary temperature information for RI calibration. All aforementioned functions are performed via a compact FBG-SMS structure not longer than 25 mm. The proposed sensing device provides a linear RI sensitivity over water or waterbased solutions (RI values near 1.33 at optical wavelengths for most biological and many environmental applications), and has temperature-calibration capability. Hence, the said refractometer is a good candidate for sensing in chemical and biological applications.

An alternative solution for the simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index is presented. A local micro-structured fiber Bragg grating (LMSFBG) is formed as the sensing head, in which a standard grating is etched by HF. According to the phase shift theory, the main spectral change of the LMSFBG is the formation of a narrow allowed band, which is strongly dependent on the etching features and the surrounding refractive index. As such, the temperature and refractive index measurements can be achieved by the shifts of the double peaks and narrow allowed band, and their fitting linearity coefficients are 0.996 and 0.994, respectively. Thus, the reflection and transmission peaks of the LMSFBG have a good linear relationship with temperature and refractive index.

A modular, cascadable, and self-controlled optical queue buffer is proposed, which can solve the packet contention at a 2 × 1 optical node. Controlled by incoming optical packets, the buffer can realize first-in-first-out queue buffering without the necessity of external control signals. By using optical threshold functions and wavelength converters based on semiconductor optical amplifier, the push and pop operations of packets on queue can both be achieved. In addition, preliminary experiment is carried out.

A new cross-tracking method is proposed to improve the convergent speed of the control algorithm in real-time polarization mode dispersion (PMD) compensation systems. The cross-tracking algorithm is compared with the previously used dithering particle swarm optimization (DPSO) and gradient particle swarm optimization (GPSO) algorithms, and it is proven to offer the best performance among the three algorithms. The transmission of a 43-Gb/s differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) signal over a 1 200-km fiber span using a compensator based on digital signal processing (DSP) is demonstrated via the cross-tracking algorithm.

The motion information of a moving target can be recorded in a single image by a push-broom satellite. A push-broom satellite image is composed of many image lines sensed at different time instants. A method to estimate the velocity of a flying airplane from a single image based on the imagery model of the linear push-broom sensor is proposed. Some key points on the high-resolution image of the plane are chosen to determine the velocity (speed and direction). The performance of the method is tested and verified by experiments using a WorldView-1 image.

The wavefront coding technique is used to enlarge the depth of field (DOF) of incoherent imaging systems.The key to wavefront coding lies in the design of suitable phase masks. To date, numerous kinds of phase masks are proposed. However, further understanding is needed regarding phase mask with its phase function being in a standard sinusoidal form. Therefore, the characteristics of such a phase mask are studied in this letter. Deriving the defocused optical transfer function (OTF) analytically proves that the standard sinusoidal phase mask is effective in extending the DOF, and actual experiments confirm the numerical results. At the same time, with the Fisher information as a criterion, the standard sinusoidal phase mask shows a higher tolerance to focus errors (especially severe focus errors) than the classical cubic phase mask.

In this letter, we use quantum description and the Gaussian state to study reflective ghost imaging with two classical sources, and to provide their expressions. We find that the reflective ghost imaging of a rough-surfaced object, using Gaussian-state phase-insensitive or classically correlated phase-sensitive light, can be expressed in terms of the phase-insensitive or phase-sensitive cross-correlations between the two detected fields, including a background term. Moreover, reflective ghost imaging with two classical Gaussian-state lights is shown to have similar features as spatial resolution and field of view.

Non-sinusoidal phase error is common in structured light three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement system, thus we perform theoretical and experimental analyses of such error. The number of non-sinusoidal waveform errors in a 2\pi phase period is the same as the number of steps of the phase-shifting algorithm; no errors occur within the one-phase period. Based on our findings, a new structured light method, the linear sinusoidal phase-shifting method (LSPS), that is resistant to non-sinusoidal phase error is proposed. Experiments show that the non-sinusoidal waveform error is reduced to an almost negligible level (0.001 rad) using the proposed LSPS.

A simple model is developed to study the laser cooling of solids. The condition of laser cooling of a solid is developed. By using some parameters of the Yb3+ ion, which is most widely used in laser cooling, we then calculate the cooling power and the cooling efficiency. In order to make a more precise analysis, the effect of fluorescent reabsorption, which is unavoidable in the cooling process, is discussed using the random walk model. Taking Tm3+ ion as an example, we derive the average number of absorption events and determine the change in quantum efficiency due to reabsorption. Finally, we obtain the red-shift of the fluorescent wavelength and the requirement of sample dimension.

A high-power all-fiber single-frequency polarization-maintained (PM) laser operating at 1 083 nm is demonstrated using a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) structure. The seed source of this MOPA laser system is an in-house-built ring-cavity fiber oscillator. Four-stage amplification configuration is employed, in which the maximal output power of the main amplifier is 90.4 W, corresponding to a conversion efficiency of 72.5%. The polarization extinction ratio of the output light is 13 dB. The amplified spontaneous emission is suppressed by a factor of over 25 dB, and no stimulated Brillouin scattering effect is observed when a large-mode-area and high absorption coefficient PM gain fiber is employed.

We show two external cavity-enhanced second-harmonic generations of 922 nm with periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate crystal, whose doubling cavities are locked separately with Hansch-Couillaud and intra-modulation methods. The outputs of second-harmonic generation reach 310 mW, 54.8% of the conversion efficiency from the Ti:sapphire laser with the crystal length of 10 mm, and 208 mW, 59% of the conversion efficiency from the MOPA system with the crystal length of 30 mm. It consists of heterodyning the Ti:sapphire laser and the MOPA system, and compares the phase of the beat frequency signal with the phase of a reference RF local oscillator. The resulting phase error is used as a feedback signal and fed back to the reference cavity of the Ti:sapphire laser to lock the two lasers in phase. A stable blue power of 520 mW is obtained, which supplies enough power for the cooling and trapping step of the strontium (Sr) optical lattice clock. Four stable isotopes of Sr, 84Sr, 86Sr, 87Sr, and 88Sr, are detected by probing the laser during a strong 460.7-nm cycling transition (5s21S0-5s5p1P1).

We propose a continuous-wave (CW) middle infrared (MIR) and long infrared (LIR) dual-band laser for the calibration and effect research of infrared detecting and imaging systems. A total output power of 18 W is achieved by the proposed dual-band laser through one DF gain medium module and one parallel placed CO2 gain medium module using a common stable resonator and output mirror with nominal transmissivities of ~5% in the MIR band and ~10% in the LIR band. Spectra of dual-band laser are acquired. The power extracting efficiency of this dual-band laser can be significantly improved, as validated by a single-band test of optimized parameters.

Mesoporous silica thin films loaded with gold nanoparticles are synthesized in the presence of EO20PO70EO20 (P123). Transmission electron microscope images show that the matrix of the nanocomposite is an ordered porous structure with a two-dimensional hexagonal phase. The wide-angle X-ray diffraction pattern implies that the nanocomposite contains gold crystals. These metallic nanoparticle-embedded solid thin films show some linear and nonlinear optical properties due to their special structure and composition. Gold nanoparticles bring about surface plasmon resonance, and an absorption peak stemming from this effect has been observed. The linear absorption property is analyzed by a quantum mechanism, and the results show that it is in°uenced by the size and volume fraction of gold nanoparticles. Furthermore, it shows an obviously clear nonlinear optical property measured by the z -scan technique. The magnitude of the nonlinear refractive index of the nanocomposite is estimated to be about 10^{-10} cm2/W.

The Eu2+/Tb3+/Sm3+ co-doped oxyfluoride glass ceramics containing Ba2LaF7 nanocrystals are prepared in the reducing atmosphere. The X-ray diffraction results show that Eu2+, Tb3+ and Sm3+ ions are enriched into the precipitated Ba2LaF7 nanophase after the annealing process. It deduces efficient energy transfers from Eu2+ to Tb3+ and Sm3+ and intenses warm white luminescence of the glass ceramics. Comparing with the glass, the luminescence quantum yield of the glass ceramics is also enlarged by about 3 times. This demonstrates the potential white light-emitting diode application of the glass ceramics produced in this letter.

Annular field aberrations of a three-reflection concentric system, which are composed of two spherical mirrors, are analyzed. An annular field with a high level of aberration correction exists near the position where the principal ray is perpendicular to the object-image plane. Aberrations are determined by the object height and aperture angle. In this letter, the general expression of the system aberration is derived using the geometric method, and the non-approximate design method is proposed to calculate the radii of the annular fields that have minimum aberrations under different aperture angles. The closer to 0.5 (the ratio of the radius of convex mirror to the radius of concave mirror) is, the smaller the system aberration is. The examples analyzed by LABVIEW indicate that the annular field designed by the proposed method has the smallest aberration in a given system.

Displacement sensor based on the polarization mixture and the cavity tuning of the orthogonal polarized He-Ne laser 1.15 \mu m is presented. The power tuning curves of He-Ne laser are irregular, and it is difficult to measure the change in cavity length. The distortion of the curves is caused by the higher relative excitation compared with the He-Ne laser at 633 nm. In view of its potential for the wider displacement measuring range, a new method of displacement sensing is developed. Experiments show that displacement measuring stability based on the method of the polarization mixture is better than that of the power tuning curves. The displacement sensor achieves the measuring range of 100 mm, resolution of 144 nm, and linearity of 7 \times 10^{ 6}.

A modified wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) based on the self-heating effect of the tunable diode laser when driven in quasi-continuous-wave (QCW) mode is investigated. A near-infrared distributed feedback (DFB) diode laser working at the QCW mode is employed as the QCW light source, and CO2 is selected as the target gas. The characteristic of the QCW second harmonic (2f) line profile is analyzed through a comparison with that of the traditional CW WMS with the same system. A noise-equivalent absorbance of 3.2×10 5 Hz 1/2 for CO2 at 1.58 \mu m is obtained with 18-m optical path. The QCW WMS lowers the dependence on lasers and expands selectivity, thus verifying the feasibility of the method.

Simulation and experimental results for high repetition rate all-normal dispersion Yb:fiber ring lasers are demonstrated for the cavity dispersion from 0.01 to 0.025 ps2. The simulation shows that the pulse spectrum has the potential to reach > 30 nm for the dispersion of 0.014 ps2 under practical pump power. This potential is proved by the experiment. Maximum spectral width of 30 nm is achieved at the repetition rate of 285 MHz under the 850-mW pump power. Average output power is 550 mW and dechirped pulse is 78 fs.

A psychophysical experiment is performed on two large-size liquid crystal displays under three viewing conditions to assess perceptual contrast. Based on the visual data, the performance of CIECAM02 in predicting perceptual contrast under different viewing conditions is tested and compared with other models by F-test. Results show that the perceptual contrast models in the form of Weber contrast using CIECAM02 brightness Q agreed better with the contrast perception of human visual system compared to the models using luminance, CIELAB lightness L¤, and CIECAM02 lightness J.