We present an accurate, easy-to-use large-signal SPICE circuit model for depletion-type silicon ring modulators (Si RMs). Our model includes both the electrical and optical characteristics of the Si RM and consists of circuit elements whose values change depending on modulation voltages. The accuracy of our model is confirmed by comparing the SPICE simulation results of 25 Gb/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ) modulation with the measurement. The model is used for performance optimization of monolithically integrated Si photonic NRZ and pulse-amplitude-modulation 4 transmitters in the standard SPICE circuit design environment.

The active control of electromagnetic response in metamaterial and mutual coupling between resonant building blocks is of fundamental importance in realizing high-quality metamaterials. In this work, we propose and experimentally demonstrate the tunabilities of symmetry-broken metasurfaces made of orthogonal electric dipolar resonators. The metasurface with vertical and horizontal wires is integrated with a PIN diode for active control. It is found that the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like spectrum appears due to the destructive or constructive interferences between the two electric dipolar modes when the structural symmetry broken is introduced to the metasurface. Different from previous works on the EIT-like effect, there is only electric dipole response in our metasuface. The microscopic response of the metasurface is numerically calculated to illustrate the mode coupling between the orthogonal electric dipolar resonators. By applying temporal coupled-mode theory, the interaction between the electromagnetic wave and the symmetry-broken metasurface is described, and the characteristic parameters of the resonator system, which determine the electromagnetic response of the metasurface, are acquired.

A compact single-shot complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) spectral sensor for the visible range (wavelength 400–700 nm) is presented. The sensor consists of two-dimensional silicon nitride-based photonic crystal (PC) slabs atop CMOS photodetectors. The PC slabs are fabricated using one-step lithography and amenable to monolithic integration into CMOS image sensors. Featuring a small footprint of 300μm×350μm, the sensor can successfully measure the spectra over the 400–700 wavelength range with a best resolution of 1 nm. The footprint of the sensor may be further reduced to enable hyperspectral imaging with high spatial resolution.

Ultra-high quality (Q) whispering gallery mode (WGM) microtoroid optical resonators have demonstrated highly sensitive biomolecular detection down to the single molecule limit; however, the lack of a robust coupling method has prevented their widespread adoption outside the laboratory. We demonstrate through simulation that a phased array of nanorods can enable free-space coupling of light both into and out of a microtoroid while maintaining a high Q. To simulate large nanostructured WGM resonators, we developed a new approach known as FloWBEM, which is an efficient and compact 3D wedge model with custom boundary conditions that accurately simulate the resonant Fano interference between the traveling WGM waves and a nanorod array. Depending on the excitation conditions, we find loaded Q factors of the driven system as high as 2.1×107 and signal-to-background ratios as high as 3.86%, greater than the noise levels of many commercial detectors. These results can drive future experimental implementation.

Optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) is one of the most significant parameters for the performance characterization of random fiber lasers (RFLs) and their application potentiality in sensing and telecommunication. An effective way to improve the OSNR of RFLs is pump scheme optimization, for example, employing a temporally stable source as the pump. In this paper, the output performance of an incoherently pumped RFL dependence on the pump bandwidth has been investigated both in experiment and theory. It is found that a high-OSNR RFL can be achieved with broadband amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source pumping, and a relatively broad pump bandwidth can also help suppress the spectral broadening while maintaining an ultra-high spectral purity. By optimizing the pump bandwidth to ～10nm, maximum OSNR of ～39dB (corresponding to a spectral purity of ～99.96%) with more than 99 W output power can be obtained. Moreover, for the pump bandwidth of 0.6–40 nm, the spectral purity can reach as high as >99% with the pump power ranging from ～85 to ～117W. In addition, with the aid of theoretical simulation based on a modified power balance model, we find that the increment of pump bandwidth can decrease the effective Raman gain coefficient, further influencing the gain characteristics, nonlinear effects, and eventually the output performance. This work provides new insight into the influence of the pump characteristics on the output performance of incoherently pumped RFLs.

We investigated the nonlinear optical properties of ReSe2. First, we measured the nonlinear absorption coefficient and the nonlinear refractive index of a ReSe2 thin film using open-aperture (OA) and closed-aperture (CA) Z-scan techniques. ReSe2 was shown to possess both saturable absorption and self-defocusing properties. The nonlinear absorption coefficient of ReSe2 was measured to be (5.67±0.35)×103cm/GW, and its nonlinear refractive index was (2.81±0.13)×10 2cm2/GW at 1560 nm. Next, a fiberized saturable absorber (SA) based on ReSe2 was fabricated with a side-polished fiber platform and was tested as an ultrafast mode-locker capable of producing femtosecond pulses operating at a wavelength of 1560 nm. The estimated modulation depth and saturation power are ～3.9% and ～42W, respectively, for the transverse electric mode, while they are ～2.4% and ～53W for the transverse magnetic mode. Using the prepared SA, stable soliton pulses with a temporal width of ～862fs were produced from an erbium-doped fiber ring cavity. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first demonstration of using a ReSe2-based SA for femtosecond mode-locked pulse generation.

Active control of metamaterial properties with high tunability of both resonant intensity and frequency is essential for advanced terahertz (THz) applications, ranging from spectroscopy and sensing to communications. Among varied metamaterials, plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) has enabled active control with giant sensitivity by embedding semiconducting materials. However, there is still a stringent challenge to achieve dynamic responses in both intensity and frequency modulation. Here, an anisotropic THz active metamaterial device with an ultrasensitive modulation feature is proposed and experimentally studied. A radiative-radiative-coupled PIT system is established, with a frequency shift of 0.26 THz in its sharp transparent windows by polarization rotation. Enabled by high charge-carrier mobility and longer diffusion lengths, we utilize a straightforwardly spin-coated MAPbI3 film acting as a photoactive medium to endow the device with high sensitivity and ultrafast speed. When the device is pumped by an ultralow laser fluence, the PIT transmission windows at 0.86 and 1.12 THz demonstrate a significant reduction for two polarizations, respectively, with a full recovery time of 561 ps. In addition, we numerically prove the validity that the investigated resonator structure is sensitive to the optically induced conductivity. The hybrid system not only achieves resonant intensity and frequency modulations simultaneously, but also preserves the all-optical-induced switching merits with high sensitivity and speed, which enriches multifunctional subwavelength metamaterial devices at THz frequencies.

The nanorod structure is an alternative scheme to develop high-efficiency deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV LEDs). In this paper, we first report the electrically injected 274-nm AlGaN nanorod array DUV LEDs fabricated by the nanosphere lithography and dry-etching technique. Nanorod DUV LED devices with good electrical properties are successfully realized. Compared to planar DUV LEDs, nanorod DUV LEDs present >2.5 times improvement in light output power and external quantum efficiency. The internal quantum efficiency of nanorod LEDs increases by 1.2 times due to the transformation of carriers from the exciton to the free electron–hole, possibly driven by the interface state effect of the nanorod sidewall surface. In addition, the nanorod array significantly facilitates photons escaping from the interior of LEDs along the vertical direction, contributing to improving light extraction efficiency. The three-dimensional finite-different time-domain simulation is performed to further analyze in detail the TE- and TM-polarized photons extraction mechanisms of the nanostructure. Our results demonstrate the nanorod structure is a good candidate for high-efficiency DUV emitters.

Due to its strong piezoelectric effect and photo-elastic property, lithium niobate is widely used for acousto-optical applications. However, conventional bulk lithium niobate waveguide devices exhibit a large footprint and limited light–sound interaction resulting from the weak guiding of light. Here, we report the first acousto-optical modulators with surface acoustic wave generation, phononic cavity, and low-loss photonic waveguide devices monolithically integrated on a 500 nm thick film of lithium niobate on an insulator. Modulation efficiency was optimized by properly arranging the propagation directions of surface acoustic waves and optical guided modes. The effective photo-elastic coefficient extracted by comparing the first and third harmonic modulation signals from an on-chip Mach–Zehnder interferometer indicates the excellent acousto-optical properties of lithium niobate are preserved in the thin film implementation. Such material property finding is of crucial importance in designing various types of acousto-optical devices. Much stronger amplitude modulation was achieved in a high Q (>300,000) optical resonator due to the higher optical sensitivity. Our results pave the path for developing novel acousto-optical devices using thin film lithium niobate.

The spin Hall effect of light (SHEL) is a photonic version of the spin Hall effect in electronic systems and has been studied for more than 10 years. However, the lack of effective methods for dynamic modulation of spin-dependent splitting may hinder its applications. By introducing additional spin-orbit coupling of photons or nonreciprocal phase shift (NRPS), the magneto-optical Kerr effect may be one of the methods to alleviate the situation. Here, we experimentally reveal an enhanced and tunable SHEL in magneto-optical oxide thin films under the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect configuration for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, which can be regarded as the magneto-optical SHEL (MOSHEL). We study the magneto-optical response of the multilayer structure and select the optimal structural parameters by the magneto-optical transfer matrix method. With a transverse magnetic field along opposite directions, an obvious SHEL shift difference of H-polarized light caused by NRPS is observed via a weak measurement method. With optimal parameters, the maximum measured shift difference of the SHEL achieves about 70 μm. The demonstrated MOSHEL phenomenon may accelerate the application of the SHEL in the field of spin photonics devices and precision metrology.

Visible light communication based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has become a promising candidate by providing high data rates, low latency, and secure communication for underwater environments. In this paper, a self-designed common-anode GaN-based five-primary-color LED (RGBYC LED) on a Si substrate is proposed and fabricated. The design of a common anode is used to mitigate the saturation effect for a low-frequency component. Additionally, compared with commercially available LEDs that suffer from nonlinearity distortion, applying the designed LED can provide much better and broader linearity according to the measurement results. Therefore, the modulation depth and system performance can be further improved to implement a high-speed underwater visible light communication (UVLC) system. There is no nonlinearity compensation algorithm applied due to the good linearity of the proposed LED; thus, the offline digital signal processing is simplified. We experimentally demonstrate 14.81 Gbit/s 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)-discrete multitone (DMT) and 15.17 Gbit/s bit-loading-DMT transmissions through a 1.2-m-long underwater channel based on the proposed RGBYC LED with an intrasymbol frequency-domain averaging channel estimation and zero-forcing equalization. As far as we know, this is the highest data rate for an LED-based UVLC system.

Based on a silicon platform, we design and fabricate a four-mode division (de)multiplexer for chip-scale optical data transmission in the 2 μm waveband for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The (de)multiplexer is composed of three tapered directional couplers for both mode multiplexing and demultiplexing processes. In the experiment, the average crosstalk for four channels is measured to be less than 18dB over a wide wavelength range (70 nm) from 1950 to 2020 nm, and the insertion losses are also assessed. Moreover, we further demonstrate stable 5 Gbit/s direct modulation data transmission through the fabricated silicon photonic devices with non-return-to-zero on–off keying signals. The experimental results show clear eye diagrams, and the penalties at a bit error rate of 3.8×10 3 are all less than 2.5 dB after on-chip data transmission. The obtained results indicate that the presented silicon four-mode division multiplexer in the mid-infrared wavelength band might be a promising candidate facilitating chip-scale high-speed optical interconnects.

An out-of-plane silicon grating coupler capable of mode-order conversion at the chip–fiber interface is designed and fabricated. Optimization of the structure is performed through finite-difference time-domain simulations, and the final device is characterized through far-field profile and transmission measurements. A coupling loss of 3.1 dB to a commercial two-mode fiber is measured for a single TE0→LP11 mode conversion grating, which includes a conversion penalty of 1.3 dB. Far-field patterns of the excited LP11 mode profile are also reported.

We report a dual-contrast method of simultaneously measuring and visualizing the volumetric structural information in live biological samples in three-dimensional (3D) space. By introducing a direct way of deriving the 3D scattering potential of the object from the synthesized angular spectra, we obtain the quantitative subcellular morphology in refractive indices (RIs) side-by-side with its fluorescence signals. The additional contrast in RI complements the fluorescent signal, providing additional information of the targeted zones. The simultaneous dual-contrast 3D mechanism unveiled interesting information inaccessible with previous methods, as we demonstrated in the human immune cell (T cell) experiment. Further validation has been demonstrated using a Monte Carlo model.

Flat optics presents a new path to control the phase, amplitude, and polarization state of light with ultracompact devices. Here we demonstrate chip-integrated metasurface devices for polarization detection of mid-infrared light with arbitrary polarization states. Six high-performance microscale linear and circular polarization filters based on vertically stacked plasmonic metasurfaces (with total thickness <600nm) are integrated on the same chip to obtain all four Stokes parameters of light with high accuracy. The device designs can be tailored to operate at any wavelength in the mid-infrared spectral region and are feasible for on-chip integration with mid-infrared (mid-IR) photodetectors and imager arrays. Our work will enable on-chip mid-IR polarimeters and polarimetric imaging systems, which are highly desirable for many applications, such as clinic diagnosis, target detection, and space exploration.

We report an all-fiberized 30-W supercontinuum (SC) generation in a piece of ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF (ZBLAN) fiber. The pump source is a thulium-doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) with broadband output spectrum spanning the 1.9 to ～2.6μm region. The used ZBLAN fiber has a core diameter of 10 μm, and was directly fusion-spliced to the pigtail of the TDFA without using a traditional mode field adapter (MFA) or a piece of transition fiber. Such a low-loss and robust fusion splice joint, together with a robust AlF3-fiber-based endcap, enables efficient and high-power SC generation in the ZBLAN fiber. An SC with an average power up to 30.0 W and a spectral coverage of 1.9–3.35 μm with 20-dB bandwidth of 1.92–3.20 μm was obtained. Moreover, an SC with a broader spectrum was achieved by raising the pump pulse peak power (via reducing the duty ratio of the pump laser pulse). An SC with an output power of 27.4 W and a spectral coverage of 1.9–3.63 μm (with 20-dB bandwidth of 1.92–3.47 μm) was obtained, as well as an SC with output power of 24.8 W and a spectral coverage of 1.9–3.70 μm (with 20-dB bandwidth of 1.93–3.56 μm). The power conversion efficiency was measured as >69%. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research demonstrates the record output power of SC lasers based on ZBLAN fibers, paving the way for broadband and efficient multi-tens-of-watts SC generation in soft-glass fibers.

Polarization imaging finds applications in many areas, such as photoelasticity, ellipsometry, and biomedical imaging. A compact, snapshot, and high-efficiency imaging polarimeter is highly desirable for many applications. Here, based on a single multifunctional geometric phase optical element (GPOE), a new method is proposed for high-efficiency snapshot imaging polarimetry. With tailored spatially varying orientation of each anisotropic unit cell, the GPOE works highly efficiently as both a spin sorter and a half-wave plate, enabling snapshot retrieving of a full Stokes vector of incident light. The designed GPOE is implemented in the form of liquid crystal fabricated with a photo-alignment technology, and its application in imaging polarimetry is experimentally demonstrated by retrieving full Stokes parameters of a cylinder vector beam. This method can also work in the form of plasmonic or dielectric metasurfaces, enabling ultra-compact polarization detection systems by monolithic integration with other devices such as metalenses.

We design and present a switchable slow light rainbow trapping (SLRT) state in a strongly coupling topological photonic system made from a magneto-optical photonic crystal waveguide channel. The waveguide channel supports slow light states with extremely small group velocity (vg=2.1×10 6c), low group-velocity dispersion, and a broadband operation bandwidth (3.60–4.48 GHz, near 22% of bandwidth). These slow light states originate from the strong coupling between two counter propagating topological photonic states. Under a gradient magnetic field, different frequency components of a wave packet are separated and stored at different positions for a long temporal duration with high spatial precision (without crosstalk and overlap between the electric fields of different frequencies) to form SLRT. Besides, these SLRT states can be easily switched among the forbidden state, trapped state, and releasing state by tuning the external magnetic field. The results suggest that the topological photonic state can offer a precise route of spatial-temporal-spectral control upon a light signal and find applications for optical buffers, broadband slow light systems, optical filters, wavelength-division multiplexing, and other optical communication devices.

Efficient, scalable, bufferless, and compact III–V lasers directly grown on (001)-oriented silicon-on-insulators (SOIs) are preferred light sources in Si-photonics. In this article, we present the design and operation of III–V telecom nanolaser arrays with integrated distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) epitaxially grown on industry-standard (001) SOI wafers. We simulated the mirror reflectance of different guided modes under various mirror architectures, and accordingly devised nanoscale DBR gratings to support high reflectivity around 1500 nm for the doughnut-shaped TE01 mode. Building from InP/InGaAs nanoridges grown on SOI, we fabricated subwavelength DBR mirrors at both ends of the nanoridge laser cavities and thus demonstrated room-temperature low-threshold InP/InGaAs nanolasers with a 0.28μm2 cross-section and a 20 μm effective cavity length. The direct growth of these bufferless nanoscale III–V light emitters on Si-photonics standard (001) SOI wafers opens future options of fully integrated Si-based nanophotonic integrated circuits in the telecom wavelength regime.

We demonstrate both experimentally and theoretically the trapping and guiding of a weak signal pulse via a self-accelerating Airy pulse. This is achieved by launching the Airy pulse in the anomalous dispersion regime of an optical fiber, thereby inducing a gravity-like potential that can compel the signal pulse in the normal dispersion regime to undergo co-acceleration. Such guiding pulse by pulse can be controlled at ease simply by altering the acceleration conditions of the Airy pulse. Furthermore, the guided signal can be featured with either single or double peaks, which is explained by using the theory of fundamental and second-order quasi-modes associated with the gravity-like potential. Our work represents, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of pulse guiding in the anomalous dispersion regime of any self-accelerating pulse.

Ultra-high-pulse-repetition-rate lasers are essential for a number of applications, including, e.g., optical communication and ablation-cooled material processing. Despite several techniques to generate pulses with gigahertz-range repetition rate, incorporating mainly short-length resonators, more widespread applications are still limited by the lack of a robust, simple, and cost-effective solution. Here, we report for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, fully passive harmonic mode locking in an all-polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber laser. The design guarantees a fixed polarization state and stable operation, where the cavity harmonic number is controlled by the pump power only. Self-starting operation is provided by the antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) thin-film saturable absorber (SA), which facilitates multiple pulse operation. The SA acts by means of low modulation depth, low saturation fluence, and an inverse slope in the saturable absorption curve. The optimum features of the SA and limiting factors for high-repetition-rate pulse generation in this regime of operation are discussed. As a result, 2.2 ps pulses with 3 GHz repetition rate are generated at 1560 nm wavelength. The study reports a new approach towards an optimal SA for multi-gigahertz pulse generation in practical, all-PM fiber lasers.

We propose a method to generate specially shaped high-order singular beams of pre-designed intensity distributions. Such a method does not a priori assume a phase formula, but rather relies on the “cake-cutting and assembly” approach to achieve the azimuthal phase gradient for beam shaping, inspired by the orbital motion trajectory change of an artificial satellite. Based on our method, several typical vortex beams with desired intensity patterns are experimentally generated. As an example, we realize optical trapping and transportation of microorganisms with a triangle-shaped vortex beam, demonstrating the applicability of such unconventional vortex beams in optical trapping and manipulation.

We report the first (to the best of our knowledge) tunable passively Q-switched Er3+-doped ZrF4 fiber laser around 3.5 μm. In this case, a Fe2+:ZnSe crystal is used as the saturable absorber, and a plane-ruled grating in a Littrow configuration acts as the tuning element. At the tuned wavelength of 3478.0 nm, stable Q-switching with a maximum average power of 583.7 mW was achieved with a slope efficiency of 15.2% relative to the launched 1981 nm pump power. Further power scaling is mainly limited by the available 1981 nm pump power. The corresponding pulse width, repetition rate, and pulse energy are 1.18 μs, 71.43 kHz, and 7.54 μJ, respectively. By rotating the grating, the Q-switching can be continuously tuned in the region of 3.4–3.7 μm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first pulsed rare-earth-doped fiber laser tunable in the region beyond 3.4 μm.