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    Instrumentation and Measurements

Guoqiang Huang   Daixuan Wu   Jiawei Luo   Liang Lu   Fan Li   Yuecheng Shen   Zhaohui Li  

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The Gerchberg–Saxton (GS) algorithm, which retrieves phase information from the measured intensities on two related planes (the source plane and the target plane), has been widely adopted in a variety of applications when holographic methods are challenging to be implemented. In this work, we showed that the GS algorithm can be generalized to retrieve the unknown propagating function that connects these two planes. As a proof-of-concept, we employed the generalized GS (GGS) algorithm to retrieve the optical transmission matrix (TM) of a complex medium through the measured intensity distributions on the target plane. Numerical studies indicate that the GGS algorithm can efficiently retrieve the optical TM while maintaining accuracy. With the same training data set, the computational time cost by the GGS algorithm is orders of magnitude less than that consumed by other non-holographic methods reported in the literature. Besides numerical investigations, we also experimentally demonstrated retrieving the optical TMs of a stack of ground glasses and a 1-m-long multimode fiber using the GGS algorithm. The accuracy of the retrieved TM was evaluated by synthesizing high-quality single foci and multiple foci on the target plane through these complex media. These results indicate that the GGS algorithm can handle a large TM with high efficiency, showing great promise in a variety of applications in optics.

       PDF全文               HTML全文 Photonics Research, 2021年第9卷第1期 pp.34-42      

    Integrated Optics

Zhengji Xu   Nanxi Li   Yuan Dong   Yuan Hsing Fu   Ting Hu   Qize Zhong   Yanyan Zhou   Dongdong Li   Shiyang Zhu   Navab Singh  

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Optical color filters are widely applied in many areas including display, imaging, sensing, holography, energy harvest, and measurement. Traditional dye-based color filters have drawbacks such as environmental hazards and instability under high temperature and ultraviolet radiation. With advances in nanotechnology, structural color filters, which are based on the interaction of light with designed nanostructures, are able to overcome the drawbacks. Also, it is possible to fabricate structural color filters using standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication facilities with low cost and high volume. In this work, metasurface-based subtractive color filters (SCFs) are demonstrated on 12-inch (300-mm) glass wafers using a CMOS-compatible fabrication process. In order to make the transmissive-type SCF on a transparent glass wafer, an in-house developed layer transfer process is used to solve the glass wafer handling issue in fabrication tools. Three different heights of embedded silicon nanopillars (110, 170, and 230 nm) are found to support magnetic dipole resonances. With pillar height and pitch variation, SCFs with different displayed colors are achieved. Based on the resonance wavelength, the displayed color of the metasurface is verified within the red-yellow-blue color wheel. The simulation and measurement results are compared and discussed. The work provides an alternative design for high efficiency color filters on a CMOS-compatible platform, and paves the way towards mass-producible large-area metasurfaces.

       PDF全文               HTML全文 Photonics Research, 2021年第9卷第1期 pp.13-20      

    Physical Optics

José A. Rodrigo   Mercedes Angulo   Tatiana Alieva  

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Increasing interest has been drawn to optical manipulation of metal (plasmonic) nanoparticles due to their unique response on electromagnetic radiation, prompting numerous applications in nanofabrication, photonics, sensing, etc. The familiar point-like laser tweezers rely on the exclusive use of optical confinement forces that allow stable trapping of a single metal nanoparticle in 3D. Simultaneous all-optical (contactless) confinement and motion control of single and multiple metal nanoparticles is one of the major challenges to be overcome. This article reports and provides guidance on mastering a sophisticated manipulation technique harnessing confinement and propulsion forces, enabling simultaneous all-optical confinement and motion control of nanoparticles along 3D trajectories. As an example, for the first time to our knowledge, programmable transport of gold and silver nanospheres with a radius of 50 and 30 nm, respectively, along 3D trajectories tailored on demand, is experimentally demonstrated. It has been achieved by an independent design of both types of optical forces in a single-beam laser trap in the form of a reconfigurable 3D curve. The controlled motion of multiple nanoparticles, far away from chamber walls, allows studying induced electrodynamic interactions between them, such as plasmonic coupling, observed in the presented experiments. The independent control of optical confinement and propulsion forces provides enhanced flexibility to manipulate matter with light, paving the way to new applications involving the formation, sorting, delivery, and assembling of nanostructures.

       PDF全文               HTML全文 Photonics Research, 2021年第9卷第1期 pp.1-12      

    Research Articles

Friederike Klauck   Matthias Heinrich   Alexander Szameit  

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We report on the experimental demonstration of two-photon quantum walks at the edge of a photonic Su–Schrieffer–Heeger lattice and compare them to those observed when launching photons at the edge of a homogeneous lattice. Whereas at the topological edge, one of the photons primarily remains close to the edge, both photons penetrate freely from the trivial edge into the bulk. This behavior manifests also in the average inter-particle distance, which is significantly larger at the topological edge. Hence, for a given propagation length, the entangled two-photon state launched at the topological edge extends over a wider domain of the lattice.

       PDF全文               HTML全文 Photonics Research, 2021年第9卷第1期 pp.A1-7      

Qiang Cai   Ya Guo   Pu Li   Adonis Bogris   K. Alan Shore   Yamei Zhang   Yuncai Wang  

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We present a simple approach based on photonic reservoir computing (P-RC) for modulation format identification (MFI) in optical fiber communications. Here an optically injected semiconductor laser with self-delay feedback is trained with the representative features from the asynchronous amplitude histograms of modulation signals. Numerical simulations are conducted for three widely used modulation formats (on–off keying, differential phase-shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation) for various transmission situations where the optical signal-to-noise ratio varies from 12 to 26 dB, the chromatic dispersion varies from -500 to 500 ps/nm, and the differential group delay varies from 0 to 20 ps. Under these situations, final simulation results demonstrate that this technique can efficiently identify all those modulation formats with an accuracy of >95% after optimizing the control parameters of the P-RC layer such as the injection strength, feedback strength, bias current, and frequency detuning. The proposed technique utilizes very simple devices and thus offers a resource-efficient alternative approach to MFI.

       PDF全文               HTML全文 Photonics Research, 2021年第9卷第1期 pp.B1-8      

Andrea Alù   Laura Pilozzi   Haitan Xu   Jingyun Fan  

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Topological photonics has been opening exciting opportunities in recent optics research. In this feature issue, we present a collection of papers outlining state-of-the-art and application perspectives for this thriving field of research.

       PDF全文               HTML全文 Photonics Research, 2021年第9卷第1期 pp.TPB1-2      

Bo Du   Xiang-Dong Chen   Ze-Hao Wang   Shao-Chun Zhang   En-Hui Wang   Guang-Can Guo   Fang-Wen Sun  

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The nonlinear fluorescence emission has been widely applied for high spatial resolution optical imaging. Here, we studied the fluorescence anomalous saturating effect of the nitrogen vacancy defect in diamond. The fluorescence reduction was observed with high power laser excitation. It increased the nonlinearity of the fluorescence emission, and changed the spatial frequency distribution of the fluorescence image. We used a differential excitation protocol to extract the high spatial frequency information. By modulating the excitation laser’s power, the spatial resolution of imaging was improved approximately 1.6 times in comparison with the confocal microscopy. Due to the simplicity of the experimental setup and data processing, we expect this method can be used for improving the spatial resolution of sensing and biological labeling with the defects in solids.

       PDF全文               HTML全文 Photonics Research, 2021年第9卷第1期 pp.21-26      

Zhao Chen   Yudong Weng   Junku Liu   Nan Guo   Yaolun Yu   Lin Xiao  

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Mid-infrared thermal detectors have very important applications in the aerospace and military fields. However, due to the low heat transfer efficiency and slow response time, their application has been greatly restricted. Here, we theoretically demonstrate a dual-band perfect absorber for a mid-infrared detector based on a dielectric metal metasurface, and the optical and thermal properties are analyzed in detail. Simulation results show that the two narrow absorption peaks, corresponding to the absorption value of 97.5% at λ=6.142μm with λFWHM≈40nm and 99.7% at λ=7.795μm with λFWHM≈80nm, respectively, are achieved, and their different dependences on the structural parameters have been studied. A thermal detector at room temperature with total response time within 1.3 ms for dual-band and 0.4 ms for single-band is realized when the incident light flux is 1.0W/cm2 for an average temperature increase of ΔT≈1.0K. Our study offers a promising approach for designing a narrowband mid-infrared perfect absorber and a high-performance photodetector in nano-integrated photonics.

       PDF全文               HTML全文 Photonics Research, 2021年第9卷第1期 pp.27-33      

Longhui Lu   Deming Liu   Max Yan   Minming Zhang  

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A novel power-efficient reconfigurable mode converter is proposed and experimentally demonstrated based on cross-connected symmetric Y-junctions assisted by thermo-optic phase shifters on a silicon-on-insulator platform. Instead of using conventional Y-junctions, subwavelength symmetric Y-junctions are utilized to enhance the mode splitting ability. The reconfigurable functionality can be realized by controlling the induced phase differences. Benefited from the cross-connected scheme, the number of heating electrodes can be effectively reduced, while the performance of the device is maintained. With only one-step etching, our fabricated device shows the average insertion losses and cross talks are less than 2.45 and -16.6dB, respectively, measured with conversions between two arbitrary compositions of the first four TE modes over an observable 60 nm bandwidth. The converter is switchable and CMOS-compatible, and could be extended for more modes; hence, it can be potentially deployed for advanced and flexible mode multiplexing optical networks-on-chip.

       PDF全文               HTML全文 Photonics Research, 2021年第9卷第1期 pp.43-48      

Jiho Park   Heonoh Kim   Han Seb Moon  

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We report the demonstration of a second-order interference experiment by use of thermal light emitted from a warm atomic ensemble in two spatially separated unbalanced Michelson interferometers (UMIs). This novel multipath correlation interference with thermal light has been theoretically proposed by Tamma [New J. Phys.18, 032002 (2016)NJOPFM1367-263010.1088/1367-2630/18/3/032002]. In our experiment, the bright thermal light used for second-order interference is superradiantly emitted via collective two-photon coherence in Doppler-broadened cascade-type Rb87 atoms. Owing to the long coherence time of the thermal light from the atomic ensemble, we observe its second-order interference in the two independent UMIs by means of time-resolved coincidence detection. The temporal waveforms of the interfering thermal light in the two spatially separated UMIs exhibit similarities with the temporal two-photon waveform of time–energy entangled photon pairs in Franson interferometry. Our results can contribute toward a better understanding of the relation between first- and second-order interferences that are at the heart of photonics-based quantum information science.

       PDF全文               HTML全文 Photonics Research, 2021年第9卷第1期 pp.49-53      

Guoen Weng   Jiyu Yan   Shengjie Chen   Chunhu Zhao   Hanbing Zhang   Jiao Tian   Yuejun Liu   Xiaobo Hu   Jiahua Tao   Shaoqiang Chen   Ziqiang Zhu   Hidefumi Akiyama   Junhao Chu  

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All-inorganic perovskite micro/nanolasers are emerging as a class of miniaturized coherent photonic sources for many potential applications, such as optical communication, computing, and imaging, owing to their ultracompact sizes, highly localized coherent output, and broadband wavelength tunability. However, to achieve single-mode laser emission in the microscale perovskite cavity is still challenging. Herein, we report unprecedented single-mode laser operations at room temperature in self-assembly CsPbX3 microcavities over an ultrawide pumping wavelength range of 400–2300 nm, covering one- to five-photon absorption processes. The superior frequency down- and upconversion single-mode lasing manifests high multiphoton absorption efficiency and excellent optical gain from the electron–hole plasma state in the perovskite microcavities. Through direct compositional modulation, the wavelength of a single-mode CsPbX3 microlaser can be continuously tuned from blue-violet to green (427–543 nm). The laser emission remains stable and robust after long-term high-intensity excitation for over 12 h (up to 4.3×107 excitation cycles) in the ambient atmosphere. Moreover, the pump-wavelength dependence of the threshold, as well as the detailed lasing dynamics such as the gain-switching and electron–hole plasma mechanisms, are systematically investigated to shed insight into the more fundamental issues of the lasing processes in CsPbX3 perovskite microcavities.

       PDF全文               HTML全文 Photonics Research, 2021年第9卷第1期 pp.54-65      

Xinyu Wang   Peng Xie   Weiqiang Wang   Yang Wang   Zhizhou Lu   Leiran Wang   Sai T. Chu   Brent E. Little   Wei Zhao   Wenfu Zhang  

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Soliton microcombs (SMCs) are spontaneously formed in a coherently pumped high-quality microresonator, which provides a new tool for use as an on-chip frequency comb for applications of high-precision metrology and spectroscopy. However, generation of SMCs seriously relies on advanced experimental techniques from professional scientists. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a program-controlled single SMC source where the intracavity thermal effect is timely balanced using an auxiliary laser during single SMC generation. The microcomb power is adopted as the criteria for microcomb states discrimination and a forward and backward thermal tuning technique is employed for the deterministic single SMC generation. Further, based on a closed-loop control system, the repetition rate stability of the SMC source improved more than 20 times and the pump frequency can be continuously tuned by simply changing the operation temperature. The reliability of the SMC source is verified by consecutive 200 generation trials and maintaining over 10 h. We believe the proposed SMC source will have significant promising influences in future SMC-based application development.

       PDF全文               HTML全文 Photonics Research, 2021年第9卷第1期 pp.66-72      

Liyong Jiang   Jianli Jiang   Zebin Zhu   Guanghui Yuan   Ming Kang   Ze Xiang Shen  

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Understanding the mode’s origin in planar metamaterials is fundamental for related applications in nanophotonics and plasmonics. For complex planar metamaterials, conventional analysis that directly obtains the final charge/current distribution of a mode is usually difficult in helping to understand the mode’s origin. In this paper, we propose a mode evolution method (MEM) with a core analysis tool, i.e., plasmonic evolution maps (PEMs), to describe the mode evolution in several complementary planar metamaterials with designed plasmonic atoms/molecules. The PEMs could not only clearly explain a mode’s origin, but also reveal the role of a structure’s symmetry in the mode formation process. The MEM with PEMs can work as a simple, efficient, and universal approach for the mode analysis in different kinds of planar metamaterials.

       PDF全文               HTML全文 Photonics Research, 2021年第9卷第1期 pp.73-80      

Bing Chen   Shuo Li   Xianfei Hou   Feifei Ge   Feifei Zhou   Peng Qian   Feng Mei   Suotang Jia   Nanyang Xu   Heng Shen  

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Harnessing the dynamics of complex quantum systems is an area of much interest and a quantum simulator has emerged as a promising platform to probe exotic topological phases. Since the flexibility offered by various controllable quantum systems has helped gain insight into the quantum simulation of such complicated problems, an analog quantum simulator has recently shown its feasibility to tackle the problems of exploring topological phases. However, digital quantum simulation and the detection of topological phases still remain elusive. Here, we develop and experimentally realize the digital quantum simulation of topological phases with a solid-state quantum simulator at room temperature. Distinct from previous works dealing with static topological phases, the topological phases emulated here are Floquet topological phases. Furthermore, we also illustrate the procedure of digitally simulating a quantum quench and observing the nonequilibrium dynamics of Floquet topological phases. Using a quantum quench, the 0- and π-energy topological invariants are unambiguously detected through measuring time-averaged spin polarizations. We believe our experiment opens up a new avenue to digitally simulate and detect Floquet topological phases with fast-developed programmable quantum simulators.

       PDF全文               HTML全文 Photonics Research, 2021年第9卷第1期 pp.81-87