液晶与显示, 2023, 38 (4): 471, 网络出版: 2023-04-25  

基于人工局域表面等离激元的液晶微波介电常数测量传感器

Liquid crystal microwave dielectric constant measurement sensor based on spoof localized surface plasmon
作者单位
1 南京邮电大学 集成电路科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 210023
2 南京邮电大学 射频集成与微组装技术国家地方联合工程实验室,江苏 南京 210023
3 南京邮电大学 电子与光学工程学院,江苏 南京 210023
摘要
液晶材料在微波频段具有良好的调制特性,在微波可调谐器件领域具有巨大的应用潜力。本文针对液晶材料微波介电常数的测量需求,提出了一种基于人工局域表面等离激元谐振的传感器。通过设计环形谐振器结构,在sub-6 GHz频段形成局域表面等离激元窄带谐振峰。通过给液晶施加外加电场,能够实现对液晶介电常数的调控。通过谐振频点位置的拟合,能够得到对应的液晶的介电常数大小,从而实现液晶材料在微波频段的介电常数的测量。本文研究了不同液晶层厚度、不同液晶介电常数对人工局域表面等离激元谐振频点的影响。随着液晶层厚度增加或者液晶介电常数的减小,谐振频点f1f2都逐渐增大。当液晶层厚度大于或等于0.5 mm时,谐振频点f1f2随介电常数的变化具有良好的线性度,且具有高灵敏度(>400 MHz/Δε),远大于基于目前报道的其他形式介电常数传感器。同时,本传感器结构可以在液晶层上下施加电场,从而实现在不同外加电场作用下液晶材料微波介电常数的测量,在液晶微波特性研究领域具有应用潜力。
Abstract
Liquid crystal materials have good modulation characteristics in the microwave band, and have great potential for application in the field of microwave tunable devices. In this paper, a sensor based on the resonance of spoof localized surface plasmon is proposed for the demand of microwave dielectric constant measurement of liquid crystal materials. The ring resonator structure is designed to form narrow-band resonant peaks in the sub-6 GHz band with localized surface surface plasmon. By applying an applied electric field to the liquid crystals, the modulation of the liquid crystal dielectric constant can be achieved. The corresponding dielectric constant can be obtained by fitting the position of the resonant frequency points, thus realizing the measurement of the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal material in the microwave band. The effects of different liquid crystal layer thicknesses and different liquid crystal dielectric constants on the resonant frequency points of the spoof localized surface plasmon are studied. The resonant frequency points f1 and f2 increase gradually with the increases of the liquid crystal layer thickness or the decreases of the liquid crystal dielectric constant. When the thickness of liquid crystal layer is equal or greater than 0.5 mm, the resonant frequency points f1 and f2 have good linearity with the change of the liquid crystal dielectric constant. The proposed sensor has a high sensitivity (>400 MHz/?Δε), which is much larger than that based on other forms of dielectric constant sensors reported so far. At the same time, this sensor structure can apply electric field above and below the liquid crystal layer, thus realizing the measurement of microwave dielectric constant of liquid crystal materials under the action of different applied electric fields, which has potential for application in the field of microwave characterization of liquid crystals.

1 引言

液晶既具有晶体的各向异性,又具有液体的流动性,通过外加电场能够控制液晶分子的排列,形成各向异性的折射率分布,从而实现对入射光相位的调制。在可见光或红外光谱波段,采用液晶作为可调谐介质,利用其固有的较大的光学各向异性和电光响应,液晶被广泛地应用于显示、光开关和光通信等领域1-3。因其功耗小、价格低、轻便和相对简单的制造工艺催生了液晶显示(Liquid Crystal Display,LCD)产业,基于液晶的电视、手机、笔记本电脑和其他电光器件在人们生活中发挥着重要作用1

随着802.11ac(Wi-Fi)、4G-LTE、5G-mmW和Ku-to Ka波段卫星通信等无线通信的快速发展,微波电路对传播的电磁信号的相位、振幅、偏振或者共振的动态控制的需求急剧增加,可调谐微波器件受到了极大的关注4。在各种可用的可调谐高频微波技术解决方案中,液晶因其良好的电压-介电常数调制特性脱颖而出。基于液晶的微波可调器件能够提供连续的调谐,而基于开关机制采用微机电系统(Micro-Electro-Mechanical System,MEMS)、PIN二极管或者场效应管(Field Effect Transistor,FET)的微波可调谐器件只能提供离散的调制,制造复杂度高,成本昂贵。采用其他可连续调谐的材料,如铁氧体和铁电体材料,在射频和微波低频段具有优势,但其高介电损耗、高介电常数和高工作电压限制了它们在毫米波频段的应用5。液晶在微波频段具有适中的损耗,在较低的偏置电压作用下,能够实现介电常数的连续调谐,无需机械控制,并且制造工艺可与现有LCD产业相兼容,生产成本低5-7。因此,基于液晶的微波可调器件具有显著的优势,被用于许多可重构器件中,包括基于液晶的相移器/延时线8、可调滤波器和谐振器9、超表面和频率选择表面及可调天线,如贴片天线、相控阵天线、反射阵和漏波天线阵等410-15

采用液晶作为可调介质应用于微波器件中来实现对微波信号调制的原理和其在光频可调器件中的应用原理是类似的。在微波液晶可调器件中,液晶的有效介电常数εeff的大小取决于液晶分子指向矢长轴与电磁波信号中电场E的夹角θ6。因此,通过在微波器件上施加合适的偏置电压来控制液晶分子指向矢的排列取向,可以改变液晶有效介电常数的大小,从而实现微波电路对传播的电磁场信号的相位、振幅和偏振等特性的调控。由上述调制机理可知,液晶的介电性能对微波可调器件的设计及性能影响至关重要。

材料微波介电常数测量方法大致可分为谐振和非谐振方式16。在非谐振方式中,采用基于同轴、平面或波导的透射/反射方法相对容易实现,并能进行宽带测量,但是受校准误差、接头不可重复性和阻抗失配等限制,精度不如谐振方式高17-20。谐振方式更准确,适用于低损耗介质在谐振频率处的介电性能的测量21-22。国内外研究人员对液晶在微波频段的介电特性展开了研究。马恒等采用矩形波导管施加磁场测量了几种液晶材料在Ka波段的介电常数23。Juan R.Sánchez等人采用分离柱状谐振器(Split-Cylinder Resonator)测量了4种液晶在5 GHz和11 GHz的介电常数24-25。张智勇课题组采用矩形谐振腔微扰法测试了含氟三联苯类异硫氰酸酯类液晶和侧位含氟苯乙炔类液晶的微波性能26-27

在微波结构中,人工表面等离激元(Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton,SSPP)通过金属周期性结构在微波波段实现了类似光频表面等离激元的各类传输及谐振模式,可用于构筑高性能的微波谐振器28。而基于人工局域表面等离激元(Localized Spoof Plasmons,LSP)的谐振模式对谐振结构内介质的介电常数变化极其敏感,可用于微波频段的介电常数传感29-30

本文针对液晶材料微波介电常数的测量需求,提出了一种基于人工局域表面等离激元的谐振式传感器,利用合理的环形谐振器设计,在sub-6 GHz频段形成基于人工局域表面等离激元的谐振峰,研究了不同液晶层厚度、不同液晶介电常数对人工局域表面等离激元谐振频点的影响。采用上述传感器结构,通过谐振频点位置,能够拟合提取得到对应的液晶介电常数大小,从而实现液晶微波介电常数的测量。同时,该传感器结构能够在液晶层上下施加电场,测量在不同外加电场作用下,液晶的有效微波介电常数大小,在液晶微波特性研究领域具有应用潜力。

2 器件结构设计

基于人工局域表面等离激元的谐振式液晶微波介电常数测量传感器的结构如图1所示,该传感器自上而下依次包括谐振层1、液晶层、谐振层2和基底层3,各层尺寸均为50 mm×50 mm。谐振层1和2均为RT5880覆铜板,介质厚度分别为0.127 mm和0.508 mm。介质基板上表面覆铜层为环形谐振器,厚度为35 μm。谐振层1和谐振层2的环形谐振器图案相同,如图1(b)所示,由圆环和矩形齿组成。其中,72个矩形齿以5°间隔均匀分布在圆环上,圆环内径r1=19 mm,外径r2=20 mm,矩形齿宽a=0.8 mm,矩形齿长l=8 mm。液晶被夹于谐振层1和谐振层2之间。基底层3为双面覆铜板,厚0.508 mm。板底部整面覆铜,作为微波信号地。基底层3上表面覆铜馈线如图1(c)所示,其中b=1.4 mm,c=6 mm,r=2 mm。微波信号通过基底层3的馈线施加,在传感器中激励人工局域表面等离激元谐振,从而在sub-6 GHz频段形成谐振峰。

图 1. (a)传感器结构示意图;(b)环形谐振器图案示意图;(c)馈线示意图。

Fig. 1. (a)Schematic diagram of the sensor structure;(b)Schematic diagram of the ring resonators pattern;(c)Schematic diagram of the feedline.

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3 结果和分析

采用上述结构,当液晶层厚度为0.6 mm、液晶介电常数为2.6时,采用三维电磁仿真软件Ansys HFSS得到的仿真结果如图2所示。由图2(a)可知,器件在3.5~5.3 GHz频段范围内,基于人工局域表面等离激元谐振效应能够得到两个明显的窄带谐振峰,在谐振频点f1f2的回波损耗S11均低于-23.5 dB,谐振峰对应的半峰宽(Full Width at Half Maximum,FWHM)分别为6.25 MHz和8.5 MHz。这一窄带谐振特性有利于实现介电常数的高灵敏传感测量。图2(b)展示的是频率在谐振频点时人工局域表面等离激元模式的在谐振状态下的电场分布,可清楚地看出,液晶层上的人工局域表面等离激元的电场方向垂直于基板。

图 2. (a)器件回波损耗S11仿真结果;(b)谐振频率为谐振频点时微波信号的电场分布情况。

Fig. 2. (a)Simulation result of S11 of the device;(b)Electric field distributions of the microwave signal at the resonance frequency points.

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液晶层厚度对器件人工局域表面等离激元的谐振具有显著影响。图3为不同液晶层厚度时,两个谐振峰的回波损耗S11仿真结果。由仿真结果可知,液晶层厚度对谐振峰频点具有影响。随着液晶层厚度增加,谐振频点f1f2都逐渐增大。需要注意的是,当液晶层厚度较薄(小于0.5 mm)时,尽管基于表面等离激元的谐振峰依旧存在,但是谐振频点f1f2S11已经高于-7 dB,相应的FWHM为22.8 MHz和24.8 MHz,但在实际器件制备时很难得到测量结果。当液晶层厚度大于0.5 mm时,能够得到较为优异的谐振峰用于介电常数传感,当然较厚的液晶层需要更大的外加电压才能使液晶在电场作用下发生偏转。因此,对于本传感器结构设计,液晶层厚度在0.5~0.8 mm之间比较合适。

表 1. 不同液晶层厚度的谐振频点f1f2的灵敏度

Table 1. Sensitivities of resonant frequency points f1 and f2 for different liquid crystal layer thickness

液晶层厚度/mm频点f1频点f2
函数关系灵敏度S/(MHz·Δε-1函数关系灵敏度S/(MHz·Δε-1
1f1=-0.44ε+5.27435.23f2=-0.51ε+6.22512.18
0.8f1=-0.43ε+5.21428.05f2=-0.5ε+6.15504.3
0.6f1=-0.41ε+5.11410.36f2=-0.48ε+6.04484.23
0.5f1=-0.4ε+5.07403.43f2=-0.47ε+5.98472.48
0.2f1=-0.32ε+4.8315.32f2=-0.36ε+5.64361.61

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表 2. 不同结构的介电常数传感器的灵敏度对比

Table 2. Comparison of the sensitivity of different structures of dielectric constant sensors

传感器结构灵敏度S/(MHz·Δε-1参考文献
基片集成波导(SIW)6.2432
27.3133
开口环形谐振器(SRR)19.7434
3.2735
互补开口环形谐振器(CSRR)6.1136
2.3337
人工局域表面等离激元(液晶层为0.6 mm)f1:410.36本文
f2:484.23

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图 3. 液晶层厚度对器件回波损耗S11的影响。(a)谐振峰f1;(b)谐振峰f2

Fig. 3. Effect of the liquid crystal layer thickness on the S11 at the resonance frequencies.(a)f1;(b)f2.

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图2(b)可知,在谐振层1和谐振层2之间,人工局域表面等离激元的电场近似为垂直于谐振层基板分布。当给谐振层1和2上的两个覆铜图案施加低频或者直流电压时,液晶在外加电场作用下发生偏转且外加电压也与基板垂直,因此,可以通过在液晶层上下施加不同的电压来获得该传感器中液晶层的不同的介电常数。我们仿真了不同液晶介电常数对传感器谐振峰的影响,如图4所示,此处液晶层厚度为0.6 mm。改变液晶介电常数从2.2以0.1的间隔变化至3.2,仿真得到器件两个谐振峰回波损耗S11随液晶介电常数的变化情况。随着液晶介电常数的增加,两个传感器两个谐振峰的谐振频点均发生蓝移。在较大的介电常数变化范围内,S11均低于-10 dB,具有较窄的FWHM,尤其当介电常数小于2.9时,得到的S11低于-20 dB,并且谐振频点偏移量明显,最大偏移量分别为445 MHz和521 MHz。

图 4. 液晶介电常数对器件回波损耗S11的影响。(a)谐振峰f1;(b)谐振峰f2

Fig. 4. Effect of the liquid crystal dielectric constant on the S11 at different resonance frequencies.(a)f1;(b)f2.

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由上述仿真结果可知,液晶层厚度和液晶的介电常数对人工局域表面等离激元模式的谐振频点均有显著影响。图5为不同液晶层厚度下谐振频点f1f2随液晶介电常数的变化情况。由仿真结果可知,随着介电常数ε的增加,谐振频点f1f2均逐渐减小,对应的拟合结果如图5中点线所示。定义传感器灵敏度Sf/‍Δε,谐振频点f1f2随介电常数ε变化的函数关系及其传感灵敏度S表1所示。由拟合结果可知,谐振频点随介电常数的变化具有良好的线性度。采用该结构的传感器进行介电常数测量时,可以根据测试得到的频点值,由谐振频点与介电常数的函数关系,计算得到对应的介电常数大小。

图 5. 不同液晶层厚度的液晶介电常数对谐振峰频点(a) f1和(b) f2的影响

Fig. 5. Effect of liquid crystal dielectric constant on resonant frequency points(a)f1 and(b)f2 for different liquid crystal layer thicknesses

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值得注意的是,当液晶层厚度大于等于0.5 mm时,本传感器具有较高的灵敏度,谐振频点f1f2的灵敏度均能够大于400 MHz/Δε。与之前报道的基于基片集成波导(Substrate Integrated Waveguide,SIW)、开口环形谐振器(Split-Ring Resonators,SRR)、互补开口环形谐振器(Complementary Split-Ring Resonators,CSRR)等结构的介电常数传感器相比,本文提出的基于人工局域表面等离激元的传感器灵敏度显著高于上述结构,各结构的灵敏度对比结果如表2所示31。此外,当液晶层厚度较薄为0.2 mm时,传感器灵敏度会有显著的降低,尤其是随着介电常数的增加,谐振频点的可调制量显著减小。

4 结论

本文针对液晶材料微波介电常数的测量需求,提出了一种基于人工局域表面等离激元谐振的传感器,设计了环形谐振器锯齿结构,在sub-6 GHz频段形成了具有显著谐振深度且半峰宽较窄的基于人工局域表面等离激元的谐振峰,研究了不同液晶层厚度、不同液晶介电常数对人工局域表面等离激元谐振频点的影响。随着液晶层厚度增加,谐振频点f1f2都逐渐增大。随着液晶介电常数的增加,谐振频点f1f2均发生蓝移。在不同液晶层厚度(≥0.5 mm)下,谐振频点f1f2随介电常数的变化具有良好的线性度,且具有高灵敏度(>400 MHz/Δε),远大于基于之前报道的介电常数传感器。采用本文提出的传感器结构,通过谐振频点位置的拟合,能够得到液晶的介电常数大小,从而实现液晶材料在微波频段的介电常数的测量。尤其重要的是,该传感器结构可以在液晶层上下施加电场,从而实现在不同外加电场作用下液晶材料微波介电常数的测量,在液晶微波特性研究领域具有应用潜力。

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李若舟, 吴哲元, 杨铭清, 屈科, 于映, 严静. 基于人工局域表面等离激元的液晶微波介电常数测量传感器[J]. 液晶与显示, 2023, 38(4): 471. Ruo-zhou LI, Zhe-yuan WU, Ming-qing YANG, Ke QU, Ying YU, Jing YAN. Liquid crystal microwave dielectric constant measurement sensor based on spoof localized surface plasmon[J]. Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays, 2023, 38(4): 471.

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