奏折是一类特殊的纸质文物, 是反映皇家文化的物证, 其造纸和染色工艺体现了当时的政治制度文化和社会发展水平。 奏折的材质较为脆弱, 此前对此类文物的研究大多聚焦文字内容、 样式、 政治意义和保护修复方面, 对本体材料和工艺方面的分析则相对匮乏。 采用多种原位无损技术, 对一份清末重臣岑春煊的请安折的材质和染色工艺进行了系统分析。 通过紫外荧光摄影和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析确认黄绫面装饰的花纹使用了丝制品勾织而成。 超景深显微观察、 拉曼光谱及X射线荧光光谱(XRF)等结果表明奏折是使用了矿物颜料雌黄对纸张进行染黄, 所用颜料的颗粒感细腻, 推测其染色工艺可能采用了刷染法。 雌黄颜料相比黄檗等有机染料更为昂贵, 其使用不仅赋予了奏折防蛀防水的能力, 更反映了奏折在清朝政治文化中的重要性, 这也是纸张染黄案例中的又一新发现。 此外, 还探索性地运用光纤荧光光谱对奏折上朱批的颜料进行了分析, 发现红色字迹为朱砂做墨书写, 与拉曼光谱和XRF的结果相符。 对奏折这类纸质文物的本体材料和工艺进行探究, 有助于了解清代造纸和染色的技术特点, 为合理保护和修复此类文物提供科学依据。 同时也探讨了光纤荧光光谱在纸质文物的颜料鉴定方面的适应性, 进一步拓展了无损光谱分析技术的应用。

As a kind of special paper artifact, memorials are considered physical evidence that embody the emperor’s culture, of which the paper-making and dyeing process reflect the political culture and social development level of the Qing Dynasty. The composing materials of the memorial are fragile. Previous research on memorials have mainly focused on text content, style, political influence and restoration, while the analysis towards the original materials and crafts is relatively scarce. By employing various in situ non-destructive techniques, a systematical study has been conducted on the paper-making and dyeing process of a memorial from Cen Chunxuan, an important minister in the late Qing Dynasty. UV fluorescence photography and FTIR spectra showed that the yellow damask-decorated patterns on the folding page and envelope were woven with silk products. Comprehensive analysis results of ultra-depth-of-field microscopic observation, Raman spectroscopy and XRF demonstrated that the mineral pigment Orpiment with a pretty fine graininess was used to dye the memorial paper through the brush dyeing method. Orpiment is more expensive than organic dyes such as Phellodendron amurense, which not only raises the ability of moth and water resistance but also highlights the significance of memorials in the Qing Dynasty’s institutional culture. It is another discovery in the case of paper dyeing yellowing. In addition, this article also explored the application of optical fiber fluorescence spectroscopy to analyze the pigment of comments written in red on the memorial and found that the red handwriting was written in cinnabar, which was consistent with the results of Raman spectroscopy and XRF. The investigation of the materials and crafts of such paper artifacts as memorials promotes the understanding of the technical characteristics of the paper-making and dyeing process in the Qing Dynasty. It provides the scientific basis for the rational protection and restoration of such cultural relics. At the same time, this article also discussed the applicability of fiber optic fluorescence spectroscopy in identifying pigments used in paper artifacts, which further expanded the types and applications of non-destructive analysis techniques.