光谱学是利用光与物质的相互作用, 展示物质微观结构, 提供不同化学分析方式, 从而实现对物质的定量和定性分析。 壁画制作工艺分析中运用了大量的光谱分析技术, 该研究以北京延庆花盆关帝庙为例, 通过光谱及其他技术分析壁画的制作材料和工艺。 花盆关帝庙位于北京延庆区花盆村, 始建于清雍正四年(1726年), 是当时祭祀的重要场所, 也是延庆地区关帝庙的典型代表之一。 运用X射线衍射、 拉曼光谱和激光粒度分析仪等一系列光谱技术发现关帝庙壁画的地仗层成分为石英、 方解石和钠长石, 白粉层成分为石膏, 颜料层中红色颜料为铁红、 铅丹和朱砂, 蓝色颜色为蓝铜矿, 黄色颜色为铬黄, 黑色颜色为炭黑, 白色颜料为石膏, 绿色颜色为巴黎绿、 绿土和铬绿。 沥粉贴金工艺的胶结物为熟桐油和松香树脂, 金箔采用含金量86.1%的赤金。 拉曼光谱不仅可以辨析壁画颜料, 还能通过颜料历史研究佐证和丰富壁画修复历史信息。 结合文物光谱分析数据与文献资料, 充分挖掘文物背后的信息, 对研究和保护古代壁画有着重要意义。 通过花盆关帝庙壁画同面墙不同位置的壁画地仗层制作工艺的差异, 说明壁画制作材料和工艺受位置影响。 期待日后研究者通过研究壁画制作材料和工艺差异, 发现符合规制的典型壁画案例, 通过梳理壁画不同位置制作材料与工艺, 总结历代壁画制作规制。

Spectroscopy is the use of light on the interaction of substances, providing the microstructure of substances and different chemical analysis methods to achieve the quantitative and qualitative substances. A large number of spectral analysis techniques are used in the process of making murals. In this study, taking Huapen Guandi Temple of Yanqing in Beijing as an example, the techniques and materials formaking murals are analyzed by spectral analysis and other techniques. Huapen Guandi Temple is located in Huapen village, Yanqing District, Beijing. It was built in the fourth year of the Yongzheng reign (1726) of the Qing dynasty. Many spectral analysis techniques are used in the process analysis of mural making. This study takes Beijing Yanqing Huapen Guandi Temple as an example to analyze the mural making process and materials. Using a range of spectroscopic techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and laser particle size analyzer, the study found that the mural of Guandi Temple is supported by an adobe wall. The main components of the ground layer are quartz, calcite and albite, and the main components of the white powder layer are gypsum. The red pigments in the pigment layer are iron red, lead and cinnabar. Blue is azurite, yellow is chrome yellow, black is carbon black, white is gypsum, green is Paris green, green earth and chrome green. The Binder of gold coating with pitch powder is cooked tung oil and rosin resin, and the gold foil is red gold with a gold content of 86.1%.The Raman spectrum can not only distinguish the pigment of the fresco but also prove it through the research of the pigment history and enrich the historical information of the fresco. It is of great significance to study and protect the ancient frescoes by combining the spectral analysis data of cultural relics with the literature data and fully excavating the information behind the cultural relics. Through the difference in the making technology of the wall of the same wall in Guandi Temple, this paper shows that the material and the craft of the mural are affected by the position. It is expected that the researchers will find the typical cases of murals by the regulations by studying the differences of murals making materials and techniques and summarizing the regulations of murals making in past dynasties.