由于气体拉曼散射信号十分微弱，对激光拉曼技术在气体检测领域的应用产生一定的限制，提出一种采用多次反射与增大气体压力合二为一的方式增强气体拉曼散射信号的方法。以常压下空气做为待测成分，在多次反射基础上，采用加压泵将常温、常压下空气压缩到密闭样品池内，保持样品池内压力分别为0.1 MPa、0.2 MPa、0.3 MPa、…、1 MPa等10个不同压力，积分时间1 s条件下，采集空气中O₂（特征峰波数位置1552 cm^-1）、N₂（特征峰波数位置2333 cm^-1）、CO₂（特征峰波数位置1278 cm^-1、1386 cm^-1）的拉曼光谱数据，从峰强度、峰面积、信噪比、半峰全宽等4个角度分析特征峰随压力变化情况。发现信噪比与压力呈正相关，基本符合对数关系，压力从0.1 MPa增大到1 MPa，信噪比提升约21 dB。峰强度、峰面积与压力呈正相关，符合线性关系。压力在1 MPa内，特征峰中心位置几乎与压力不相关，半峰宽随压力的变化很小，对比1 MPa与0.1 MPa的数据发现，O₂特征峰展宽约为0.7 cm^-1。因此，增大气体压力是一种简单有效的增强气体拉曼散射光谱信号的方法，可以在多次反射基础上进一步增强拉曼信号。

自发拉曼光谱检测具有宽光谱高分辨但信号较弱的特点，因此杂散光的影响不可忽视。针对自行设计的单细胞拉曼光谱仪光栅转动下系统杂散光产生的机理进行了研究，给出了杂散光抑制方法，特别是多重结构下消除杂散光光学陷阱的设计方法，通过TracePro软件仿真验证了其杂散光抑制的有效性，分析结果显示，杂散光抑制后不同波长处杂散辐射比降低了12%~47%，细胞拉曼光谱仪整体杂散光水平低于10^-6，经杂散光抑制后的光谱仪更加有利于微弱光信号的探测。

紫外拉曼光谱技术具有高强度拉曼散射、无荧光干扰的特点；可见光拉曼光谱技术可实现低波数、高分辨率探测。为兼具两种激发波长的优势，设计了一款对称分布的双Czerny-Turner光路聚焦于一个探测器的双通道拉曼光谱仪。通过元器件的选型和初始结构的计算，在不增加多余元器件的情况下，对弧矢方向像散进行补偿，避免了像面上的能量损失。配合Zemax软件对双通道光谱分别进行建模优化，最终实现了对400~5000 cm⁻¹（266 nm激发）和50~3500 cm⁻¹（633 nm激发）两段光谱的同时探测。均方根半径、点列图和调制传递函数等评价指标有效验证了设计的合理性和可行性。结果表明，两套拉曼光谱仪分别可达8 cm⁻¹和5 cm⁻¹分辨率，本设计具有高分辨率、低波数、多波长激发、集成化等优势。

全球成年男性的精子质量呈明显下降趋势。精子质量下降与男性不育虽并非线性关系，但显然与低生育力密切相关。辅助生殖技术针对不育男性精子水平低、形态和运动活力异常等常见问题，通过评估和筛选优质精子，提供了解决男性不育问题的主要技术方案。现有临床研究局限于精子形貌和活力等特征参数的筛选，缺乏针对精子DNA损伤情况的无损评筛手段。本文首先介绍了精子无损评筛技术在辅助生殖领域男科的应用需求以及显微拉曼光谱技术的基本原理，继而对基于拉曼光谱技术的精子研究进行了综述，综合分析探讨了精子的拉曼光谱检测和光谱特征，聚焦精子DNA损伤的拉曼光谱响应问题，最后讨论和展望了精子无损评筛技术的发展前景。

激光共焦拉曼光谱技术由于具有分子指纹及层析成像特性，成为探索微观分子世界的重要手段；但受原理限制，现有激光共焦拉曼光谱技术的分辨力及图谱成像能力逐渐桎梏了其发展。近年来，围绕激光共焦拉曼光谱技术性能改善方面，本研究团队基于发明的超分辨激光差动共焦技术，提出了激光差动共焦拉曼图谱成像系列新方法和新技术。系统地介绍所提激光差动共焦拉曼图谱系列测量方法及仪器化研究进展，并对未来发展方向进行了评述和展望。

石墨烯具有优异的光、电、热以及力学性质，而悬空石墨烯避免了衬底带来的褶皱、载流子散射和掺杂等影响因素，可以充分展现石墨烯的本征物理特性，因此在高性能石墨烯微电子和光电子器件研究中具有重要意义。然而，目前悬空石墨烯器件还存在着制备方法复杂、成品率低、性能不稳定等挑战。文中提出了一种利用六方氮化硼吸附石墨烯，将其定点转移到金属电极，制备悬空石墨烯焦耳热红外辐射器件的新方法。六方氮化硼对悬空石墨烯具有良好的支撑悬挂作用，有效提高了悬空石墨烯的力学稳定性，避免了坍塌、断裂等失效情况。真空热退火处理后悬空石墨烯的电阻降低到退火处理前的约六分之一，载流子迁移率比退火前提高了约18倍。当偏置电压为8 V时，拉曼光谱测试发现石墨烯温度为836 K，器件在955 nm波长处表现出强烈的红外辐射信号。

表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)因其具有高达单分子检测量级的灵敏度，在医学诊断、食品安全、环境监测等领域有着较大的应用前景。制备具有高密度“热点”的SERS基底是这项技术走向实际应用的关键。双连续结构的纳米多孔金属由于近邻纳米结构之间的耦合效应，所以具有很好的SERS增强特性。采用溅射方法制备了银锌合金前驱体，采用自由脱合金工艺和电化学脱合金工艺制备了具有纳米多孔结构的银基底，通过调制脱合金参数，获得了具有高增强因子的SERS基底。所制备的纳米多孔银基底对结晶紫的检测极限达到了10⁻¹² mol/L，可应用于超灵敏检测。

Overview: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) affords a rapid, highly sensitive, and nondestructive approach for label-free and fingerprint diagnosis of a wide range of chemicals. This technique has been applied in explosives detection, pre-cancer diagnosis, food safety, and forensic analysis, where a small number of hazardous substances can seriously affect health of human beings. Thus, it is of great significance to prepare high-performance SERS sensors. In general, the signal intensity of SERS is determined by the following three factors: 1) The enhancement effect of surface nanostructure on local electric fields; 2) The number of molecules to be detected in hot spots; 3) Performance of the Raman spectrometer. Therefore, in order to achieve high-performance SERS detection of trace molecules, current research focuses on how to increase the density of hot spots and the number of analyte molecules in the detection area. An ultrafast laser has an ultra-short pulse width and ultra-high peak power, so it can interact with the majority of materials with high processing accuracy and excellent controllability. Meanwhile, it can rapidly construct a variety of large-area micro/nano-structures on material surfaces based on facile digital programming strategies. In addition, combined with multi-beam parallel fast scanning technology, low-cost and high-efficiency machining can be realized without a special requirement for the machining environment. Based on the above advantages, the ultrafast laser has become one of the important means for the fabrication of micro/nano-structures. This is important for the commercial preparation of high-performance SERS sensors. In this paper, we focus on two aspects to introduce the ultrafast laser preparation of high-performance SERS sensors, including how to increase the density of hot spots and the number of analyte molecules in the detection region. Ultrafast lasers can prepare micro/nano-structures with local field enhancement effects by both "bottom-up" and "top-down" processing strategies. The first is based on the "bottom-up" principle, where the reduction, deposition or polymerization of atoms, molecules or other nanoparticles is controlled by ultrafast lasers to achieve additive manufacturing of micro/nano-structures. The other is based on the "top-down" principle, where materials are removed by the ultrafast laser ablation to rapidly achieve hierarchical micro/nanostructures. These structures provide abundant active hot spots for SERS detection. In particular, the superhydrophobic surfaces prepared by the ultrafast laser are one of the most effective methods to achieve the enrichment of analyte molecules. Raman scattering can be excited more effectively by enriched molecules, which is conducive to obtaining higher detection limits and realizing ultra-trace detection. Finally, a prospect for the development of laser-prepared SERS substrates is provided.

Overview: Surface-Enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly sensitive and high-resolution molecular recognition technique with important applications in many fields. As an emerging low-cost, high-resolution, and highflexibility micro-nano processing method, femtosecond laser direct writing has been widely used in the field of preparing SERS substrates. Compared with traditional processing methods for preparing SERS substrates, femtosecond laser direct writing processing has certain advantages in terms of flexibility, three-dimensional molding, processing material range, processing accuracy, and other aspects. In this review, we classify the processing methods of femtosecond laser preparation of SERS substrates into four categories, including femtosecond laser two-photon metal reduction, femtosecond laser cutting metal, femtosecond laser cutting-sputtering, and femtosecond laser 3D printing. Femtosecond laser two-photon metal reduction uses the two-photon reduction effect to reduce metal cations in metal solutions to metals, such as silver ions in silver nitrate solutions to silver nanoparticles. This method is suitable for the one-step preparation of SERS substrates in closed microchannels. Femtosecond laser cutting metal directly prepares the SERS substrate structure on a metal substrate. This method takes advantage of the high peak power of the femtosecond laser to ablate the surface of the metal sample to obtain a patterned surface structure. At the same time, femtosecond laser ablation produces particle fragments, which are usually redeposited on the patterned surface, resulting in SERS "hot spots". Femtosecond laser direct cutting of metal can prepare SERS substrates in one step, which has the advantages of high processing efficiency and simple processing and is more conducive to the application of large-scale production of practical SERS detection. Femtosecond laser cutting-sputtering is to process any structure on non-metallic substrates such as polymers and then sputtering/evaporating metal nanoparticles on the surface of the structure. This method can prepare transparent and flexible SERS substrates, which are rich in application scenarios. Femtosecond laser 3D printing is to use the three-dimensional processing ability of femtosecond lasers to obtain rich "hot spots" by designing the structure of SERS substrates, and then using template-guided self-assembly technology with different driving forces to deposit/evaporate metal nanoparticles at designated locations. In this paper, we first introduce the current methods for preparing SERS and then conduct a comprehensive review of the processing methods of four femtosecond lasers to prepare SERS substrates. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the four femtosecond laser preparation methods for SERS substrate are briefly summarized, and the development prospects of this technology are prospected, aiming to provide it for future related research.