光学分子成像是在复杂生物体中同时描述多种分子和细胞功能的最佳手段。作为机体发挥防御、监视和自稳功能的免疫系统，研究者们正面临着如何将其作为一个真正的系统来研究的挑战。免疫光子学是指基于光子学原理和方法的活体免疫光学成像和免疫光子治疗。以多光子激发显微成像和光声层析成像为代表的高时空分辨活体成像技术，以荧光蛋白为代表的活体长时程标记方法，使得光学分子成像成为引导免疫学研究走向系统化与可视化道路的主力军。本文从免疫学的特点出发，介绍活体光学成像技术和分子探针的发展，综述其在免疫学研究中的应用，并展望免疫光子学今后的发展方向。

Optical molecular imaging is the best approach to monitor multiple molecule events and cell functions simultaneously in complex organisms. Since immune system provides defense, surveillance and self-stabilizing functions for lives, the major challenge for researchers is to consider immune system as a system. Immunophotonics refers to in vivo immune optical imaging (Immuno-Optimaging) and immune photonic therapy (Immuno-Phototherapy) based on the principle and method of photonics. The combination of in vivo optical imaging with high spatio-temporal resolution, such as multi-photon excitation microscopy and photoacoustic tomography, and intravital long-term labeling method based on fluorescent proteins, makes optical molecule imaging be the main force of guiding immunologists to embrace the era of systematization and visualization. Here, based on the characteristics and needs of immunology, we introduce the latest development of in vivo optical molecular imaging and molecular probes, review the applications of those techniques and methods in immunology research, and further discuss the prospect of the future development of immunophotonics.