High-speed underwater wireless optical communications: from a perspective of advanced modulation formats [Invited]

Chao Fei; Xiaojian Hong; Ji Du; Guowu Zhang; Yuan Wang; Xiaoman Shen; Yuefeng Lu; Yang Guo; Sailing He

doi:doi:10.3788/COL201917.100012

Chinese Optics Letters, 2019, 17 (10): 100012, Published Online: Oct. 15, 2019

High-speed underwater wireless optical communications: from a perspective of advanced modulation formats [Invited] Download： 969次

Chao Fei ^1,2Xiaojian Hong ^1,2Ji Du ^1,2Guowu Zhang ^1,2Yuan Wang ^1,2Xiaoman Shen ^1,2Yuefeng Lu ^1,2Yang Guo ^1,2Sailing He ^1,2,*

Author Affiliations

¹ Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

² Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the general UWOC setup in a lab experiment. AWG: arbitrary waveform generator; EA: electrical amplifier; ATT: adjustable attenuator; DC: direct current; LD: laser diode; APD: avalanche photodiode; DSA: digital serial analyzer; Tx-DSP: digital signal processing at the transmitter; Rx-DSP: digital signal processing at the receiver.

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Fig. 2. Received optical power (ROP) and SNR versus transmission distance under tap water. w/: with; w/o: without; NLE: nonlinear equalization^[39].

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Fig. 3. (a) Received SNR versus the volume of added Maalox suspension after a 1 m underwater transmission. (b) Attenuation coefficient versus volume of the added Maalox suspension. (c)–(f) The snapshots of the optical beam passing through water of different turbidities which represent (c) “tap water”, (d) “clear ocean”, (e) “coastal ocean”, and (f) “harbor water”^[39].

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Fig. 4. (a) Shannon capacity limit under different underwater transmission distances. (b) Entropy of different subcarriers for 25 m and 35 m underwater transmission distances. (c) Graphical illustrations for bit-power loading and the PCS-256/1024QAM-DMT scheme of three different entropies. Note that the bars denote the probability of each modulation symbol^[42].

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Fig. 5. Received constellation diagrams of (a) bit-power loading, (b) PCS-256QAM-DMT for 35 m, and (c) PCS-1024QAM-DMT for 25 m underwater transmissions^[36].

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Table1. Summary of Recent Works in UWOC

Authors	Transmitter type	Light output power	Photodetector	Modulation formats	Data rate	Distance (m)	Distance-data rate product (Gbps·m)	Real time
Xu et al.^[30]	Blue LED	N/A	PIN	16-QAM-OFDM	161 Mb/s	2	0.32	N
Tian et al.^[10]	440 nm micro-LED	N/A	PIN/APD	OOK	800/200 Mb/s	0.6/5.4	1.08	N
Wang et al.^[33]	521 nm LED	160 mW	2 PINs	64-QAM-DMT, MRC	2.175 Gb/s	1.2	2.61	N
Zhou et al.^[72]	RGBYC LED		PIN	Bit-power loading DMT	15.17 Gb/s	1.2	18.2	N
Wang et al.^[59]	448 nm LED	N/A	APD	OOK	25 Mb/s	10	0.25	Y
Wang et al.^[32]	520 nm LD	15 mW	MPPC	32-QAM-OFDM	312.03 Mb/s	21	6.55	N
Oubei et al.^[35]	450 nm LD	15 mW	APD	16-QAM-OFDM	4.8 Gb/s	5.4	25.92	N
Chen et al.^[36]	520 nm LD	15 mW	APD	32-QAM-OFDM	5.5 Gb/s	5/21	115.5	N
Liu et al.^[73]	520 nm LD	19.4 mW	PIN/APD	OOK	2.7 Gb/s	34.5	93.15	N
Fei et al.^[39]	450 nm LD	20 mW	APD	Bit-power loading DMT, NE	7.3 Gb/s	15	109.95	N
Fei et al.^[41]	450 nm LD	12.8 mW	APD	MB-DFT-S-DMT	5.6 Gb/s	55	308	N
Fei et al.^[40]	450 nm LD	120 mW	PIN	Bit-power loading DMT, NE	16.6/6.6 Gb/s	5/55	462@35 m	N
Li et al.^[37]	Two 488 nm LDs	20 mW	PIN	PAM4, injection locking	16 Gb/s	10	160	N
Li et al.^[14]	Three 680 nm LDs	3 mW	PIN	Injection locking, OOK	25 Gb/s	10	250	N
Huang et al.^[38]	450 nm LD	120 mW	PIN/APD	16-QAM-OFDM	14.8/10.8 Gb/s	1.7/10.2	25.16/110	N
Hong et al.^[42]	450 nm LD	120 mW	PIN	PCS-DMT	18.09/12.6 Gb/s	5/35	441@35 m	N
Wang et al.^[44]	520 nm LD	15 mW	APD	OOK, NE	500 Mb/s	100	50	N
Hu et al.^[43]	532 nm LD	N/A	SPD	256-PPM & RS, LDPC	∼MHz	120	N/A	N
JAMSTEC^[52]	450 nm LD	$> 5 W$	PMT	N/A	20 Mb/s	120	2.4	Y

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Chao Fei, Xiaojian Hong, Ji Du, Guowu Zhang, Yuan Wang, Xiaoman Shen, Yuefeng Lu, Yang Guo, Sailing He. High-speed underwater wireless optical communications: from a perspective of advanced modulation formats [Invited][J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2019, 17(10): 100012.

High-speed underwater wireless optical communications: from a perspective of advanced modulation formats [Invited] Download： 969次

Fig. 2. Received optical power (ROP) and SNR versus transmission distance under tap water. w/: with; w/o: without; NLE: nonlinear equalization^[39].

Fig. 5. Received constellation diagrams of (a) bit-power loading, (b) PCS-256QAM-DMT for 35 m, and (c) PCS-1024QAM-DMT for 25 m underwater transmissions^[36].

Table1. Summary of Recent Works in UWOC

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High-speed underwater wireless optical communications: from a perspective of advanced modulation formats [Invited] Download： 969次

Fig. 2. Received optical power (ROP) and SNR versus transmission distance under tap water. w/: with; w/o: without; NLE: nonlinear equalization[39].

Fig. 5. Received constellation diagrams of (a) bit-power loading, (b) PCS-256QAM-DMT for 35 m, and (c) PCS-1024QAM-DMT for 25 m underwater transmissions[36].

Table1. Summary of Recent Works in UWOC

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Fig. 2. Received optical power (ROP) and SNR versus transmission distance under tap water. w/: with; w/o: without; NLE: nonlinear equalization^[39].

Fig. 5. Received constellation diagrams of (a) bit-power loading, (b) PCS-256QAM-DMT for 35 m, and (c) PCS-1024QAM-DMT for 25 m underwater transmissions^[36].