基于轨迹预判的空间小目标在轨检测方法研究

空间目标监视和检测是维护空间环境安全的重要保障, 天基观测是其中的一个重要观测手段。在天基观测图像中, 恒星和空间小目标形状、大小相似, 影响空间小目标的检测。且空间环境复杂, 图像的噪声也会对空间小目标检测造成干扰。针对以上问题, 提出了一种基于轨迹预判的空间小目标在轨检测方法。首先对图像进行预处理, 包含使用图像滤波剔除坏像元和背景影响以及阈值分割。对相机进行畸变误差校正, 再进行坐标系转换以及匹配星表剔除大部分恒星。然后采集多帧图像, 对候选目标进行轨迹关联、预判, 确定搜索范围。最后实现对空间小目标的检测。本检测方法具有以下几方面的优势: 在低信噪比下, 实现高检测精度和低虚警率; 减少搜索范围, 提高在轨实时检测能力; 具备对连续帧图像上目标不连续出现的检测能力, 适应更复杂的空间环境下目标检测需求。本检测方法的检测能力在硬件系统上得到了验证, 实验结果表明, 该算法在检测信噪比为2的目标时也具有99.9%的检测率和0.002%的虚警率, 为在轨空间小目标检测提供参考。

Abstract

Space target monitoring and detection is an important guarantee for maintaining the safety of the space environment, and space-based observation is one of the important observation methods. In space-based observation images, the shape and size of stars and small spatial targets are similar, which affects the detection of small spatial targets. Moreover, the spatial environment is complex, and the noise in the image can also interfere with the detection of small spatial targets. A method for detecting small spatial targets in orbit based on trajectory prediction is proposed to address the above issues. Firstly, the image is preprocessed, including image filtering, which is used to remove bad pixels and reduce background influence, and threshold segmentation. Distortion error correction on the camera is performed, then coordinate system conversion is performed as well, and the star catalog is matched to remove most stars. Then the method collects multiple frames of images, performs trajectory correlation and prediction on candidate targets, and determines the search range. Finally, the detection of small spatial targets is achieved. This detection method has the following advantages: Achieving high detection accuracy and low false alarm rate under low signal-to-noise ratio; Reducing search scope and improving real-time detection capability in orbit; Having the ability to detect discontinuous occurrences of targets on continuous frame images, adapting to the needs of target detection in more complex spatial environments. The detection ability of this detection method has been verified on a hardware system. The experimental results show that the algorithm has a high detection rate and a low false alarm rate when detecting low signal-to-noise ratio targets, which provides a reference for small target detection in orbit space.

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张薇, 席红霞. 基于轨迹预判的空间小目标在轨检测方法研究[J]. 光学与光电技术, 2023, 21(6): 0007. ZHANG Wei, XI Hong-xia. Research on On-Orbit Detection Methods for Space Targets[J]. OPTICS & OPTOELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY, 2023, 21(6): 0007.

基于轨迹预判的空间小目标在轨检测方法研究

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