Triple-cation perovskite solar cells for visible light communications Download: 734次
1 Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
2 LiFi Research and Development Centre, Institute for Digital Communications, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
3 e-mail: H.Haas@ed.ac.uk
4 e-mail: gat@st-andrews.ac.uk
5 e-mail: idws@st-andrews.ac.uk
Figures & Tables
Fig. 1. SEM images of triple-cation perovskite films for all thicknesses. The red bar corresponds to a length of 2 μm.
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Fig. 2. Triple-cation perovskite devices with their (a) best J-V curves under 0.9 mW/cm2 indoor white LED illumination, (b) EQE, and (c) I-V curves under 50 mW red laser (660 nm) illumination.
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Fig. 3. Low-magnification SEM images of the three thickest triple-cation perovskite films. The blue scale bar represents a length of 10 μm.
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Fig. 4. (a) Box and whisker distributions of the −3 dB bandwidth and (b) achieved data rate for perovskite devices with varied active layer thickness. Here, the mean of the data is represented as a square, the median a solid line, and the ends of the box represent the 25%–75% range.
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Fig. 5. (a) Transient photovoltage measurements for triple-cation perovskite solar cells with varied thickness. (b) Fitted RC time constant from this measurement.
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Fig. 6. Example frequency response for each perovskite thickness device.
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Fig. 7. Example of bit loading from one measurement of each thickness: (a) 60 nm, (b) 170 nm, (c) 250 nm, (d) 640 nm, (e) 840 nm, (f) 965 nm.
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Table1. Cell Performance of Triple-Cation Devices with Varied Active Layer Thickness Using a White LED with an Incident Optical Power of a,b
Perov. Thickness [nm] | Best PCE [%] | PCE [%] | FF [%] | [] | [V] | [] | [] | 60 | 2.9 | | | | | | | 170 | 18.7 | | | | | | | 250 | 20.3 | | | | | | | 640 | 21.4 | | | | | | | 840 | 14.9 | | | | | | | 965 | 13.8 | | | | | | |
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Table2. External Quantum Efficiency of Triple-Cation Solar Cells under 660 nm Low Intensity and Laser Illumination, and Power Conversion Efficiency and Power Generated under 50 mW Laser Power
Perov. Thickness [nm] | EQE under Low Intensity [%] | EQE with Red Laser [%] | PCE with Red Laser [%] | Power Generated [mW] | 60 | 28 | 16 | 6.1 | 3.1 | 170 | 39 | 24 | 9.0 | 4.5 | 250 | 53 | 24 | 6.5 | 3.3 | 640 | 61 | 24 | 7.7 | 3.9 | 840 | 56 | 31 | 8.8 | 4.4 | 965 | 59 | 26 | 6.7 | 3.3 |
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Table3. Average and Standard Deviation of Bandwidth, Data Rate, BER, and Number of Measured Samples of Triple-Cation Photodetectors with Varied Active Layer Thickness
Perov. Thickness [nm] | Bandwidth [kHz] | Data Rate [Mbps] | BER | Sample Size | 60 | | | | 10 | 170 | | | | 8 | 250 | | | | 13 | 640 | | | | 12 | 840 | | | | 14 | 965 | | | | 21 |
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Table4. Coefficients and Lifetimes Extracted from the Two-Exponential Fit of TRPL Data for All Perovskite Devices of Varied Active Layer Thicknessa
Perov. Thickness [nm] | | [ns] | | [ns] | 60 | 91.3 | 2.0 | 4.6 | 8.2 | 170 | 101.3 | 4.2 | 10.7 | 11.5 | 250 | 9.0 | 8.1 | 0.2 | 28.1 | 640 | 7.1 | 18.2 | 1.5 | 83.4 | 840 | 5.5 | 23.6 | 3.8 | 70.7 | 965 | 5.3 | 59.4 | 3.9 | 125.5 |
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Table5. Measured Device Resistance, Calculated Capacitance, and RC Time Constant for Triple-Cation Devices of Varied Active Layer Thickness Using Two Methods: Bandwidth Estimation and Transient Photovoltage
Perov. Thickness [nm] | Bandwidth Estimation | Transient Photovoltage | [ns] | Cell Resistance [] | Capacitance [nF] | Fitted RC Time Const. [ns] | Calculated [kHz] | 60 | 1485 | 271 | 5.5 | 1140 | 142 | 170 | 569 | 138 | 4.1 | 570 | 285 | 250 | 385 | 135 | 2.9 | 390 | 415 | 640 | 293 | 187 | 1.6 | 280 | 582 | 840 | 264 | 239 | 1.1 | 260 | 606 | 965 | 221 | 269 | 0.8 | 230 | 700 |
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Table6. Spin Coating Conditions for the Triple-Cation Perovskite Film Formationa
Perovskite Thickness [nm] | Precursor Solution Concentration [mol/L] | Spin-Coating Condition | 60 | 0.25 | 6000 r/min (40 s) | 170 | 0.25 | 1000 r/min (40 s) | 250 | 0.5 | 2000 r/min (30 s) | 640 | 1 | 2000 r/min (30 s) | 840 | 1 | 1400 r/min (40 s) | 965 | 1 | 1000 r/min (40 s) |
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Natalie A. Mica, Rui Bian, Pavlos Manousiadis, Lethy K. Jagadamma, Iman Tavakkolnia, Harald Haas, Graham A. Turnbull, Ifor D. W. Samuel. Triple-cation perovskite solar cells for visible light communications[J]. Photonics Research, 2020, 8(8): 08000A16.