金属零件激光选区熔化技术的现状及进展

杨永强; 陈杰; 宋长辉; 王迪; 白玉超

doi:doi:10.3788/LOP55.011401

激光与光电子学进展, 2018, 55 (1): 011401, 网络出版: 2018-09-10

金属零件激光选区熔化技术的现状及进展下载： 3071次特邀综述

Current Status and Progress on Technology of Selective Laser Melting of Metal Parts

杨永强 ^*陈杰宋长辉王迪白玉超

作者单位

华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院, 广东广州 510640

图 & 表

图 1. SLM过程原理图

Fig. 1. Principle diagram of SLM processing

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图 2. SLM工艺成型的316L-NiB合金的SEM图(f=20 Hz; N=20)。(a) τ=2 ms,E_p=3.47 J;(b)(c) τ=2 ms,E_p=2.45 J;(d) τ=4 ms,E_p=4.06 J^[22]

Fig. 2. SEM images of 316L-NiB alloys formed by SLM process (f=20 Hz; N=20). (a) τ=2 ms, E_p=3.47 J; (b)(c) τ=2 ms, E_p=2.45 J; (d) τ=4 ms, E_p=4.06 J^[22]

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图 3. SLM工艺成型的316L-NiB样品的表面轮廓。(a) f=20 Hz,E_p=3.86 J,τ=3 ms;(b) f=40 Hz,E_p=1.58 J,τ=2 ms^[22]

Fig. 3. Surface profiles of 316L-NiB samples formed by SLM process. (a) f=20 Hz, E_p=3.86 J, τ=3 ms; (b) f=40 Hz, E_p=1.58 J, τ=2 ms^[22]

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图 4. 成型的多孔材料的宏观图^[23]

Fig. 4. Macrograph of formed porous material^[23]

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图 5. SEM下的晶粒组织^[23]

Fig. 5. Grain structures under SEM^[23]

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图 6. SLM样品和基板之间的倾角γ^[28]

Fig. 6. Inclination angle γ between SLM specimen and substrate^[28]

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图 7. 室温下拉伸实验后的断面形貌。(a)~(c)铸件;(d)~(f) SLM以90°倾斜角制备的样品;(g)~(i) 723 K条件下热处理的样品^[28]

Fig. 7. Fracture morphologies after tensile tests at room temperature. (a)-(c) Cast; (d)-(f) samples formed by SLM with inclination angle of 90°; (g)-(i) samples after heat-treatment at 723 K^[28]

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图 8. 异种材料衬底上的多孔固体结构膝关节植入物^[31]

Fig. 8. Knee implants with porous solid structures deposited on dissimilar-material substrate^[31]

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图 9. 光学显微镜下蚀刻Klemm's I试剂的Cu-4.3%Sn^[36]

Fig. 9. Cu-4.3%Sn etched by Klemm's I reagent under optical microscope^[36]

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图 10. 铸造和SLM成型的Cu-10Sn青铜在室温下的应变应力曲线,插图为SLM成型的Cu-10Sn青铜螺旋桨^[38]

Fig. 10. Stress-strain curves for Cu-10Sn bronze formed by SLM and cast at room temperature, where inset is Cu-10Sn bronze propeller fabricated by SLM^[38]

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图 11. (a) SLM过程;(b)圆柱体在图11(a)中基板上的不同方位;(c)拉伸测试件的几何参数^[41]

Fig. 11. (a) SLM process; (b) different orientations of cylinder on substrate as shown in Fig. 11(a); (c) geometric parameters of specimens for tensile tests^[41]

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图 12. 航天转轴结构组件^[44]

Fig. 12. Aviation rotating shaft component^[44]

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图 13. SLM成型的复杂航空部件^[45]

Fig. 13. Complex aviation components formed by SLM^[45]

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图 14. SLM成型的外科脊柱导板^[46]

Fig. 14. Surgical spine guide-plate formed by SLM^[46]

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图 15. SLM成型的膝关节假体^[47]

Fig. 15. Knee joint implant formed by SLM^[47]

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图 16. SLM成型的钴铬合金心血管支架的SEM图。(a)(b) P_peak=180 W, t=100 μs;(c)(d) P_peak=40 W, t=120 μs^[48]

Fig. 16. SEM images of Co-Cr-alloy cardiovascular stents formed by SLM. (a)(b) P_peak=180 W, t=100 μs; (c)(d) P_peak=40 W, t=120 μs^[48]

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图 17. (a) Ti-6Al-4V粉末;(b) CAD模型;(c) SLM过程;(d)制成的模型^[49]

Fig. 17. (a) Ti-6Al-4V powder; (b) CAD model; (c) SLM process; (d) manufactured model^[49]

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图 18. (a) CAD设计原型;(b) SLM成型的合金假体以及基板组件;(c)抛光后的假体样件^[50]

Fig. 18. (a) CAD design model; (b) alloy implant formed by SLM and substrate components; (c) implant specimen after polishing^[50]

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图 19. 动物活体实验的多孔植入物,箭头所示为成型方向。(a) P300平板;(b) P600平板;(c) P900平板;(d) P300圆柱体;(e) P600圆柱体;(f) P900圆柱体^[51]

Fig. 19. Porous implants used in living animal experiments and arrows indicate building orientation. (a) P300 plate; (b) P600 plate; (c) P900 plate; (d) P300 cylinder; (e) P600 cylinder; (f) P900 cylinder^[51]

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图 20. SLM成型的样品^[52]

Fig. 20. Specimens formed by SLM^[52]

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图 21. SLM制造的压铸模具^[53]

Fig. 21. Die casting mold formed by SLM^[53]

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图 22. 优化后的仿生结构及其支撑结构的CAD模型^[55]

Fig. 22. CAD-models of optimized bionic structure and its support structure^[55]

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图 23. SLM成型的免组装万向节^[57]

Fig. 23. Free-assembly universal joint formed by SLM^[57]

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图 24. 采用高速相机监测SLM过程的示意图^[61]

Fig. 24. Diagram of SLM process with high-speed camera monitor^[61]

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表 1表面处理前后样品的R_a, R_q和 $\begin{matrix} \end{matrix}$
Table1. R_a, R_q and R_z of specimens before and after surface treatment^[29]
γ /(°) R_a /μm R_q /μm R_z /μm
Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final
Mean Standarddeviation Mean Standarddeviation Mean Standarddeviation Mean Standarddeviation Mean Standarddeviation Mean Standarddeviation
0 3.93 0.89 1.28 0.05 4.77 1.05 1.98 0.88 18.91 3.51 6.13 2.55
22.5 12.74 0.89 3.84 1.07 15.61 1.31 4.52 1.21 65.56 9.30 14.82 3.99
45 15.54 0.69 1.59 0.68 18.90 0.90 1.92 0.80 77.62 3.00 7.25 2.95
67.5 12.25 1.96 1.04 0.66 14.87 2.02 1.23 0.74 61.49 5.50 4.22 2.56
90 11.74 1.29 1.26 0.91 14.04 1.33 1.47 0.89 56.12 4.05 5.91 3.10
112.5 11.25 1.09 0.87 0.28 13.63 1.25 1.01 0.33 56.95 4.46 3.40 1.26
135 22.68 2.27 2.52 0.41 27.61 1.95 2.88 0.46 109.80 5.42 9.30 1.41
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杨永强, 陈杰, 宋长辉, 王迪, 白玉超. 金属零件激光选区熔化技术的现状及进展[J]. 激光与光电子学进展, 2018, 55(1): 011401. Yang Yongqiang, Chen Jie, Song Changhui, Wang Di, Bai Yuchao. Current Status and Progress on Technology of Selective Laser Melting of Metal Parts[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2018, 55(1): 011401.

金属零件激光选区熔化技术的现状及进展 下载： 3071次特邀综述

图 1. SLM过程原理图

Fig. 1. Principle diagram of SLM processing

图 2. SLM工艺成型的316L-NiB合金的SEM图(f=20 Hz; N=20)。(a) τ=2 ms,Ep=3.47 J;(b)(c) τ=2 ms,Ep=2.45 J;(d) τ=4 ms,Ep=4.06 J[22]

Fig. 2. SEM images of 316L-NiB alloys formed by SLM process (f=20 Hz; N=20). (a) τ=2 ms, Ep=3.47 J; (b)(c) τ=2 ms, Ep=2.45 J; (d) τ=4 ms, Ep=4.06 J[22]

图 3. SLM工艺成型的316L-NiB样品的表面轮廓。(a) f=20 Hz,Ep=3.86 J,τ=3 ms;(b) f=40 Hz,Ep=1.58 J,τ=2 ms[22]

Fig. 3. Surface profiles of 316L-NiB samples formed by SLM process. (a) f=20 Hz, Ep=3.86 J, τ=3 ms; (b) f=40 Hz, Ep=1.58 J, τ=2 ms[22]

图 4. 成型的多孔材料的宏观图[23]

Fig. 4. Macrograph of formed porous material[23]

图 5. SEM下的晶粒组织[23]

Fig. 5. Grain structures under SEM[23]

图 6. SLM样品和基板之间的倾角γ[28]

Fig. 6. Inclination angle γ between SLM specimen and substrate[28]

图 7. 室温下拉伸实验后的断面形貌。(a)~(c)铸件;(d)~(f) SLM以90°倾斜角制备的样品;(g)~(i) 723 K条件下热处理的样品[28]

Fig. 7. Fracture morphologies after tensile tests at room temperature. (a)-(c) Cast; (d)-(f) samples formed by SLM with inclination angle of 90°; (g)-(i) samples after heat-treatment at 723 K[28]

图 8. 异种材料衬底上的多孔固体结构膝关节植入物[31]

Fig. 8. Knee implants with porous solid structures deposited on dissimilar-material substrate[31]

图 9. 光学显微镜下蚀刻Klemm's I试剂的Cu-4.3%Sn[36]

Fig. 9. Cu-4.3%Sn etched by Klemm's I reagent under optical microscope[36]

图 10. 铸造和SLM成型的Cu-10Sn青铜在室温下的应变应力曲线,插图为SLM成型的Cu-10Sn青铜螺旋桨[38]

Fig. 10. Stress-strain curves for Cu-10Sn bronze formed by SLM and cast at room temperature, where inset is Cu-10Sn bronze propeller fabricated by SLM[38]

图 11. (a) SLM过程;(b)圆柱体在图11(a)中基板上的不同方位;(c)拉伸测试件的几何参数[41]

Fig. 11. (a) SLM process; (b) different orientations of cylinder on substrate as shown in Fig. 11(a); (c) geometric parameters of specimens for tensile tests[41]

图 12. 航天转轴结构组件[44]

Fig. 12. Aviation rotating shaft component[44]

图 13. SLM成型的复杂航空部件[45]

Fig. 13. Complex aviation components formed by SLM[45]

图 14. SLM成型的外科脊柱导板[46]

Fig. 14. Surgical spine guide-plate formed by SLM[46]

图 15. SLM成型的膝关节假体[47]

Fig. 15. Knee joint implant formed by SLM[47]

图 16. SLM成型的钴铬合金心血管支架的SEM图。(a)(b) Ppeak=180 W, t=100 μs;(c)(d) Ppeak=40 W, t=120 μs[48]

Fig. 16. SEM images of Co-Cr-alloy cardiovascular stents formed by SLM. (a)(b) Ppeak=180 W, t=100 μs; (c)(d) Ppeak=40 W, t=120 μs[48]

图 17. (a) Ti-6Al-4V粉末;(b) CAD模型;(c) SLM过程;(d)制成的模型[49]

Fig. 17. (a) Ti-6Al-4V powder; (b) CAD model; (c) SLM process; (d) manufactured model[49]

图 18. (a) CAD设计原型;(b) SLM成型的合金假体以及基板组件;(c)抛光后的假体样件[50]

Fig. 18. (a) CAD design model; (b) alloy implant formed by SLM and substrate components; (c) implant specimen after polishing[50]

图 19. 动物活体实验的多孔植入物,箭头所示为成型方向。(a) P300平板;(b) P600平板;(c) P900平板;(d) P300圆柱体;(e) P600圆柱体;(f) P900圆柱体[51]

Fig. 19. Porous implants used in living animal experiments and arrows indicate building orientation. (a) P300 plate; (b) P600 plate; (c) P900 plate; (d) P300 cylinder; (e) P600 cylinder; (f) P900 cylinder[51]

图 20. SLM成型的样品[52]

Fig. 20. Specimens formed by SLM[52]

图 21. SLM制造的压铸模具[53]

Fig. 21. Die casting mold formed by SLM[53]

图 22. 优化后的仿生结构及其支撑结构的CAD模型[55]

Fig. 22. CAD-models of optimized bionic structure and its support structure[55]

图 23. SLM成型的免组装万向节[57]

Fig. 23. Free-assembly universal joint formed by SLM[57]

图 24. 采用高速相机监测SLM过程的示意图[61]

Fig. 24. Diagram of SLM process with high-speed camera monitor[61]

Table1. Ra, Rq and Rz of specimens before and after surface treatment[29]

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金属零件激光选区熔化技术的现状及进展下载： 3071次特邀综述

图 2. SLM工艺成型的316L-NiB合金的SEM图(f=20 Hz; N=20)。(a) τ=2 ms,E_p=3.47 J;(b)(c) τ=2 ms,E_p=2.45 J;(d) τ=4 ms,E_p=4.06 J^[22]

Fig. 2. SEM images of 316L-NiB alloys formed by SLM process (f=20 Hz; N=20). (a) τ=2 ms, E_p=3.47 J; (b)(c) τ=2 ms, E_p=2.45 J; (d) τ=4 ms, E_p=4.06 J^[22]

图 3. SLM工艺成型的316L-NiB样品的表面轮廓。(a) f=20 Hz,E_p=3.86 J,τ=3 ms;(b) f=40 Hz,E_p=1.58 J,τ=2 ms^[22]

Fig. 3. Surface profiles of 316L-NiB samples formed by SLM process. (a) f=20 Hz, E_p=3.86 J, τ=3 ms; (b) f=40 Hz, E_p=1.58 J, τ=2 ms^[22]

图 4. 成型的多孔材料的宏观图^[23]

Fig. 4. Macrograph of formed porous material^[23]

图 5. SEM下的晶粒组织^[23]

Fig. 5. Grain structures under SEM^[23]

图 6. SLM样品和基板之间的倾角γ^[28]

Fig. 6. Inclination angle γ between SLM specimen and substrate^[28]

图 7. 室温下拉伸实验后的断面形貌。(a)~(c)铸件;(d)~(f) SLM以90°倾斜角制备的样品;(g)~(i) 723 K条件下热处理的样品^[28]

Fig. 7. Fracture morphologies after tensile tests at room temperature. (a)-(c) Cast; (d)-(f) samples formed by SLM with inclination angle of 90°; (g)-(i) samples after heat-treatment at 723 K^[28]

图 8. 异种材料衬底上的多孔固体结构膝关节植入物^[31]

Fig. 8. Knee implants with porous solid structures deposited on dissimilar-material substrate^[31]

图 9. 光学显微镜下蚀刻Klemm's I试剂的Cu-4.3%Sn^[36]

Fig. 9. Cu-4.3%Sn etched by Klemm's I reagent under optical microscope^[36]

图 10. 铸造和SLM成型的Cu-10Sn青铜在室温下的应变应力曲线,插图为SLM成型的Cu-10Sn青铜螺旋桨^[38]

Fig. 10. Stress-strain curves for Cu-10Sn bronze formed by SLM and cast at room temperature, where inset is Cu-10Sn bronze propeller fabricated by SLM^[38]

图 11. (a) SLM过程;(b)圆柱体在图11(a)中基板上的不同方位;(c)拉伸测试件的几何参数^[41]

Fig. 11. (a) SLM process; (b) different orientations of cylinder on substrate as shown in Fig. 11(a); (c) geometric parameters of specimens for tensile tests^[41]

图 12. 航天转轴结构组件^[44]

Fig. 12. Aviation rotating shaft component^[44]

图 13. SLM成型的复杂航空部件^[45]

Fig. 13. Complex aviation components formed by SLM^[45]

图 14. SLM成型的外科脊柱导板^[46]

Fig. 14. Surgical spine guide-plate formed by SLM^[46]

图 15. SLM成型的膝关节假体^[47]

Fig. 15. Knee joint implant formed by SLM^[47]

图 16. SLM成型的钴铬合金心血管支架的SEM图。(a)(b) P_peak=180 W, t=100 μs;(c)(d) P_peak=40 W, t=120 μs^[48]

Fig. 16. SEM images of Co-Cr-alloy cardiovascular stents formed by SLM. (a)(b) P_peak=180 W, t=100 μs; (c)(d) P_peak=40 W, t=120 μs^[48]

图 17. (a) Ti-6Al-4V粉末;(b) CAD模型;(c) SLM过程;(d)制成的模型^[49]

Fig. 17. (a) Ti-6Al-4V powder; (b) CAD model; (c) SLM process; (d) manufactured model^[49]

图 18. (a) CAD设计原型;(b) SLM成型的合金假体以及基板组件;(c)抛光后的假体样件^[50]

Fig. 18. (a) CAD design model; (b) alloy implant formed by SLM and substrate components; (c) implant specimen after polishing^[50]

图 19. 动物活体实验的多孔植入物,箭头所示为成型方向。(a) P300平板;(b) P600平板;(c) P900平板;(d) P300圆柱体;(e) P600圆柱体;(f) P900圆柱体^[51]

Fig. 19. Porous implants used in living animal experiments and arrows indicate building orientation. (a) P300 plate; (b) P600 plate; (c) P900 plate; (d) P300 cylinder; (e) P600 cylinder; (f) P900 cylinder^[51]

图 20. SLM成型的样品^[52]

Fig. 20. Specimens formed by SLM^[52]

图 21. SLM制造的压铸模具^[53]

Fig. 21. Die casting mold formed by SLM^[53]

图 22. 优化后的仿生结构及其支撑结构的CAD模型^[55]

Fig. 22. CAD-models of optimized bionic structure and its support structure^[55]

图 23. SLM成型的免组装万向节^[57]

Fig. 23. Free-assembly universal joint formed by SLM^[57]

图 24. 采用高速相机监测SLM过程的示意图^[61]

Fig. 24. Diagram of SLM process with high-speed camera monitor^[61]

Table1. R_a, R_q and R_z of specimens before and after surface treatment^[29]