Recent progress in multi-wavelength fiber lasers: principles, status, and challenges 
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1 SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
2 College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
Figures & Tables
Fig. 1. Applications of MWFL: (a) DWDM technology for an optical communication system, and (b) the multi-wavelength Raman fiber laser for long-distance simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature selected from Ref. [12]. (c) Phased array antenna system selected from Ref. [14]. (d) Microwave signal generation based on a multi-wavelength Brillouin fiber laser selected from Ref. [16].
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Fig. 2. Multi-wavelength EDFL based on a phase modulator: (a) the schematic of the experimental setup; the output spectrum characteristics (b) without modulation feedback and (c) with modulation feedback. Selected from Ref. [24].
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Fig. 3. Multi-wavelength operation based on the MZI filter effect: (a) the experimental schematic of an EDFL; (b) the comb filter transmission spectra; (c) the spectral characteristics of 14-wavelengths operation; (d) the spectral characteristics of 29-wavelengths operation. Selected from Ref. [27].
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Fig. 4. MWFL based on the SMS interferometer: (a) the experimental schematic diagram of dual-wavelength EDFL; (b) the output spectral tunable dual-wavelength fiber laser. Selected from Ref. [30].
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Fig. 5. Multi-wavelength fiber laser and the output characteristics: (a) the schematic diagram of dual-wavelength EDFL; (b) optical spectral evolution with different pump power; (c) the stability measurement of optical spectra. Selected from Ref. [66]. (d) The schematic diagram of multi-wavelength TDFL; (e) the stable tri-wavelength operation. Selected from Ref. [72].
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Fig. 6. MWFL based on two types of intensity-dependent loss structures: (a) schematic of the NPR mode-locked TDFL; (b) working principle of the NPR structure. Selected from Ref. [78]. Two cases of output spectrum of MWFL based on NPR structures: (c) 22-wavelength operation; (d) 28-wavelength operation. Selected from Ref. [73]. (e) The experimental setup of the NALM structure. Output spectrum characteristics of EDFL based on the NALM structure at two different states by adjusting the PCs. Selected from Ref. [75]. (f) 41 wavelengths; (g) 50 wavelengths. Selected from Ref. [76].
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Fig. 7. Multi-wavelength operation in the ring EDFL: (a) the experimental setup of backward pumping; (b) the experimental setup of forward pumping; (c) the output spectrum of forward and backward pumping. Selected from Ref. [83]. The multi-wavelength Brillouin–Raman fiber laser: (d) the experimental setup; (e) and (f) illustrations of multi-wavelength lasing spectra at different DCF lengths. The magnified views are shown in graphs on the right. Selected from Ref. [34].
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Fig. 8. Spectrum characteristic of the dual-wavelength TDFL: (a) the three-states switchable dual-wavelength conventional soliton; (b) the numerical simulation transmission spectrum of the NPR; (c) the comparison between simulative and experimental results. Selected from Ref. [78].
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Fig. 9. Schematic and laser characteristics of the NALM fiber laser: (a) the schematic diagram of a mode-locked Tm/Ho-doped fiber laser; (b)–(e) tunable multi-wavelength spectrum (left), corresponding pulse trace (middle), and single pulse (right); (f) and (g) show CW operation characteristics. Selected from Ref. [126].
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Fig. 10. 2D materials. (a) The 2D family members. Selected from Ref. [135]. (b) The current dominant SAs for ultrashort-pulse generation. Selected from Ref. [136]. (c) The sketch map of the saturable absorption process in the BP. Selected from Ref. [154].
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Fig. 11. Diverse methods of integration of CNT-/graphene-SAs into the resonant cavity: (a) sandwiched film between two fiber connectors; (b) in-fiber microfluidic channels; (c) PCFs filled by the SA; (d) D-shaped fiber; (e) tapered fiber; (f) fully integrated monolithic fiber laser. Selected from Ref. [177].
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Fig. 12. Characteristics of dual-wavelength YDFL-based graphene SA (GSA): (a) microscopy image of tapered fiber-based GSA; (b) the schematic diagram of dual-wavelength YDFL; (c) the spectrum of dual-wavelength CW operation; (d) the spectrum of mode-locked operation; (e) the oscilloscope trace, inset: single-pulse envelope; (f) the RF spectrum. Selected from Ref. [196].
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Fig. 13. TI-SA and characteristics of MWMLFL: (a) the solution of ; (b) Raman spectrum of , inset: scanning electron microscope (SEM) image; (c) optical deposition process, inset: photo of the end of the fiber; (d) the saturable absorption characteristic of TI-SA; (e) the output spectrum under 116.2 mW pump power; (f) long-time output wavelength stability measurement of the tri-wavelength mode-locking operation over 9 h. Selected from Ref. [212].
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Fig. 14. Output properties of dual-wavelength EDFL: (a) the spectrum of the dual-wavelength EDFL; (b) the pulse traces; (c) long-term output spectrum stability measurement. Selected from Ref. [224].
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Fig. 15. Characteristics of BP nanoparticles (NPs): (a) the atomic force microscope (AFM) image; (b) height profiles of the sections marked in (a); (c) Raman spectrum; (d) the linear absorption spectrum; (e) the Z-scan measurements of BP-PMMA film; (f) the relation of normalized transmittance and intensity. Selected from Ref. [154].
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Fig. 16. Output characteristics of tri-wavelength mode-locking based on the BP-SA: (a) the schematic of the EDFL; (b) the characteristics of the pulse trace (up) and spectrum (down); the emission spectrum of the EDF (c) without and (d) with BP-SA. Selected from Ref. [233].
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Fig. 17. Schematic diagram and laser output characteristics of the fiber laser: (a) the schematic of the tri-wavelength mode-locked fiber laser; (b) the measured reflection spectra of three CFBGs; (c) the normalized absorption characteristic of the SWCNT-SA; (d) linear absorption characteristic of the SWCNT-SA; (e)–(g) the output spectrum and corresponding autocorrelation intensity trace of , , and , respectively. Selected from Ref. [48].
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Fig. 18. Switchable multi-wavelength mode-locked TDFL: (a) the experimental setup; the spectrum of the switchable tri-wavelength of (b) pair-by-pair and (c) one-by-one. Selected from Ref. [124]. (d) The schematic of the YDFL based on a graphene-oxide (GO)-SA, and spectral characteristics of tunable multi-wavelength DS; (e) the tunable single-wavelength spectra; (f) the wavelength-tunable dual-wavelength DSs; (g) the spectrum of spacing-tunable dual-wavelength DSs; (h) the switchable spectrum dynamics of tri-wavelength DSs by adjusting the orientation of the PC. Selected from Ref. [132].
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Fig. 19. Laser characteristics of a bright–dark soliton pair based on NALM structures: (a) oscilloscope pulse traces and (b) the corresponding optical spectrum. Selected from Ref. [257]. The laser characteristics of the bright–dark pulse based on the : (c) the pulse trace of a bright pulse (up) and dark pulse (down) and (d) corresponding optical spectrum, respectively. Selected from Ref. [72].
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Fig. 20. Schematic of cross-absorption modulation in graphene.
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Fig. 21. Passively synchronized two-color fiber laser with the aid of SWCNTs: (a) the experimental setup of the fiber laser; (b) linear transmission of SWCNTs; (c) the intensity autocorrelations of the Er laser; (d) the intensity autocorrelations of the Yb laser; (e) the corresponding spectrum of the Er laser; (f) the corresponding spectrum of the Yb laser. Selected from Ref. [257].
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Fig. 22. Passively synchronized two-color fiber laser based on the XPM effect: (a) the schematic diagram of the fiber laser; (b), (c) intensity autocorrelation trace (inset: corresponding spectrum) of the Er laser and Yb laser. Selected from Ref. [258].
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Fig. 23. Dual-wavelength dual-loop cavity passively synchronized mode-locked fiber laser: (a) the schematic diagram of the experimental setup; the relation between repetition rates of Er- and Tm-doped cavities and Er-cavity length offset (b) with a common GSA in the public area and (c) with two independent in the different loops; (d) the central wavelengths versus the offset of Er-cavity length based on a common GSA; (e) the RF spectrum. Selected from Ref. [197].
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Fig. 24. Synchronized dual-cavity two-color -switched EYDF laser: (a) the schematic of the experimental setup; (b) the energy level diagram of the EYDF; -switched traces under different pumps of (c) 1 μm and (d) 1.5 μm; optical spectra of (e) 1 μm and (f) 1.5 μm; the corresponding RF spectra of (g) 1 μm and (h) 1.5 μm. Selected from Ref. [260].
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Fig. 25. Dual-wavelength -doped fluoride fiber laser: (a) the experimental setup; (b) the energy level of the cascade transition process; (c) the illustration of laser upper-level populations of and , respectively, and the temporal domain evolution of pulse intensity; the characteristics of optical and corresponding RF spectra (inserted) at the different pump powers of (d), (e) at 3.76 W and (f), (g) at 6.47 W, respectively. Selected from Ref. [261].
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Fig. 26. Ultrashort-cavity fiber laser. Selected from Ref. [280].
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Fig. 27. Schematic diagram of the intelligent MWMLFL.
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Table1. Summary of the Multi-Wavelength Pulsed Lasers Based on a Real SA
| Type of 2D Materials | Work Mode | Integration Methods | Wavelength Range (nm) | Number of Wavelengths | Repetition Rate (MHz) | Pulse Duration (ps) | Ref. |
|---|
| Graphene | ML | PLD on taper | 1529–1535.4 | 4 | 8.034 | 8.8 | [188] | | Graphene | ML | Optical deposition | 1061.8, 1068.8 | 2 | 1.78 | 1410 | [108] | | Graphene | ML | Optical deposition on fiber taper | 1031.43, 1034.94, 1038.43 | 3 | 0.55 | 74.6 | [189] | | Graphene oxide | ML | GO-PVA film | 1056.5, 1062.3, 1069.5 | 3 | 14.2 | 340 | [80] | | Graphene oxide | ML | GO-PVA film | 1572.93, 1588.37 | 2 | 23.54 | 12,200 | [132] | | ML | film | 1567.2, 1568, 1568.7, 1569.5 | 4 | 8.83 | 22 | [67] | | ML | Optical deposition on fiber end | 1548, 1550, 1552 | 3 | 8.95 | ∼30 | [212] | | ML | Optical deposition on fiber taper | 1568.55, 1569 | 2 | 2.14 | 11 | [222] | | ML | PLD on taper | 1558.54, 1565.99 | 2 | 8.83 | 0.6 | [224] | | BP | ML | BP film | 1572.2, 1557.7, 1558.2 | 3 | 1.65 | 16.99 | [233] | | BP | ML | BP-PVA film | 1533, 1558 | 2 | 20.8 | 0.7 | [234] | | CNT+FBG | ML | CNT-PVA film | 1540, 1550, 1560 | 3 | 6.18 | 6.3, 6.7, 5.9 | [48] |
|
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Table2. Summary of the MWFL Based on the Filter Effect in the Cavity
| Working Principle | Wavelength Range (nm) | Number of Wavelengths | Spacing (nm) | 3 dB Linewidth (nm) | Power Fluctuation (dB) | Ref. | Remark |
|---|
| MZI | 1558.6–1559.2 | 2 | 0.6 | 0.02 | | [26] | Wavelength tunable | | MZI | 1545–1556 | 29 | 0.4/0.8 | – | | [27] | Spacing tunable | | MZI | 1534–1534.4 | 3 | 0.2 | | | [53] | Wavelength switchable | | SMS | 1560.8–1563.9 | 2 | 3.1 | | | [30] | Wavelength tunable | | SMS | 1894.17–1904.21 | 3 | ∼5 | | | [57] | – | | FBG | 1569.38–1569.6 | 2 | ∼0.2 | – | – | [59] | Wavelength tunable and switchable | | FBG | 1559.80, 1560.65, 1561.25 | 3 | – | 0.07 | – | [61] | – | | NPR | 1550–1575 | 28 | 0.8 | 0.04 | | [73] | Spacing tunable | | NALM | ∼1967–1981 | 42 | 0.33 | – | | [75] | – | | FWM | 1562–1605 | 50 | 0.8 | | – | [76] | – | | FWM | ∼1555–1561.5 | 9 | 0.8 | 0.05 | | [84] | Spacing tunable | | FWM | 1555.68–1561.41 | 7 | 0.95 | – | 0.18 | [18] | – | | SBS | ∼1561–1572 | 11 | 1 | – | 1 | [86] | Spacing tunable | | Interaction of SRS, SBS, RS | ∼1555–1570 | 195 | 0.16 | – | – | [34] | Wavelength tunable |
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Table3. Summary of the Multi-Wavelength Mode-Locked Lasers Based on NPR or NALM
| Structure | Wavelength Range (nm) | Number of Wavelengths | Repetition Rate (MHz) | Pulse Width (ps) | Ref. | Remark |
|---|
| NPR | ∼1040–1074 | 3 | 36 | – | [31] | Wavelength tunable | | NPR | 1852/1862, 1863/1874, and 1874/1886 | 2 | 2.68 | – | [78] | Wavelength switchable | | NPR+ PS-LPFBG | 1031.48–1056.32 | 3 | 2.5 | 460 | [119] | Wavelength tunable | | NPR | 1902.5–1917.3 | 3 | 14.7 | 1.36 | [121] | – | | NPR | 1571.48/1584.15 | 2 | 10.23 | 9.4/8.6 | [122] | Spacing tunable | | NPR | ∼1560–1585 | 7 | 7.44 | 5.68 | [123] | Wavelength tunable and switchable | | NPR | 1865–1887 | 3 | 2.68 | – | [124] | Wavelength switchable | | NALM | 1570–1604 | 20 | 1.434 | 5490 | [125] | – | | NALM | 1935–1953 | 4 | 6.1 | 3700 | [126] | Wavelength tunable | | MZI modulation | 1545.52–1561.28 | 5 | 10000 | 14 | [29] | Wavelength switchable |
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Table4. Summary of the Dual-Cavity Two-Color Mode-Locked Lasers
| Type | Operation Mode | Central Wavelength (nm) | Repetition Rate (MHz) | Pulse Duration | Ref. |
|---|
| Cross-absorption modulation | Synchronized ML | 1067.1/1535.48 | 13.08 | 6.1/2.1 ps | [257] | | Cross-absorption modulation | Synchronized -switched | 1480/1850 | 0.02 | 4.9 μs | [259] | | XPM | Synchronized ML | 1040/1540 | 29 | 13/0.2 ps | [258] | | XPM + cross-absorption modulation | Synchronized ML | 1558.5/1938 | 20.5 | 0.915/1.57 ps | [197] | | Gained -switched | Synchronized -switched | 1046/1546 | 0.0117 | 5.3/4.6 μs | [260] | | Gained -switched | Synchronized -switched | 2073.05/2954.7 | 0.108 | 0.85/0.99 μs | [261] |
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Hualong Chen, Xiantao Jiang, Shixiang Xu, Han Zhang. Recent progress in multi-wavelength fiber lasers: principles, status, and challenges[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2020, 18(4): 041405.
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