Recent achievements on underwater optical wireless communication [Invited]

Giulio Cossu

doi:doi:10.3788/COL201917.100009

Chinese Optics Letters, 2019, 17 (10): 100009, Published Online: Oct. 15, 2019

Recent achievements on underwater optical wireless communication [Invited] Download： 710次

Giulio Cossu ^*

Author Affiliations

Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, TeCIP Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1. Radio frequency attenuation in water^{[79" target="_self" style="display: inline;">–9]}.

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Fig. 2. Attenuation curve at different wavelengths^[10].

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Fig. 3. Underwater wireless communication scenario.

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Fig. 4. Attenuation curve in the visible region, at increasing water turbidity^[10].

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Fig. 5. Simulated received optical power as a function of the link distance at different values of water turbidity. Straight gray line indicates the receiver sensitivity.

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Fig. 6. Examples of two experimental setups for underwater demonstrations in the laboratory environment^[28,34].

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Fig. 7. (a) Picture of the WHOI optical modem; (b) test node with an optical modem installed on top^[23].

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Fig. 8. Experimental setup of the sea-trial measurements (left); scheme of the UOWC modem (right)^[36].

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Fig. 9. (a) Scheme of the UOWC modem and (b) picture of one of them. The three layers contain a monitor PD, the LEDs, and the receiver^[34]. (c) Experimental setup of the sea-trial measurements.

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Table1. Comparison of the Three UWC Technologies

Parameter	Acoustic	RF Waves	Optical Waves
Link range	$< 25 km$	$< 10 km$	1–100 m
Data rate	$< 12 kbit / s$	Few Mbit/s	1–1000 Mbit/s
Attenuation	0.1–4 dB/km	10–180 dB/m	0.4–11 dB/m
Latency	High	Low	Low
Cost	High	High	Low
Size	High	High	Low

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Table2. Typical Absorption and Scattering Coefficients[12]

Water Types	$a (λ)$	$b (λ)$	$k (λ)$
Pure sea	0.05	0.01	0.06
Clear ocean	0.11	0.04	0.15
Coastal ocean	0.2	0.2	0.4
Turbid harbor	0.3	1.9	2.2

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Table3. Comparison Between Optical Sources for UOWC

Parameter	LED	LD
Optical power	1 W	10–1000 mW
Optical bandwidth	20–50 nm	1–2 nm
Electrical bandwidth	10–15 MHz	0.6–1 GHz
Beam emission angle	120°	20°
Thermal management	Mildly needed	Strongly needed
Cost	Low	High

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Table4. Noticeable Experimental Results for UOWC Systems from 2015

Year	Bit Rate (Mbit/s)	Distance (m)	Water	Optical Source	$λ$ (nm)	Test	Modulation Format	Ref.
2015	10	70	Clean	LED	N.A.	Ocean	OOK-NRZ	[23]
2015	20	0.3	Clean	Laser	Red	Water tank	OOK-NRZ	[34]
2015	1450	4.8	Clean	LD	405	Water tank	OFDM	[40]
2015	2300	7	Clean	LD	520	Water tank	OOK-NRZ	[41]
2015	4800	5.4	Clean	LD	450	Water tank	OFDM	[27]
2016	1500	20	Clean	LD	450	Water tank	OOK-NRZ	[42]
2016	200	5.4	Clean	μLED	440	Water tank	OOK-NRZ	[43]
2016	125	4.8	Turbid	Laser	515	Harbor	OOK-NRZ	[36]
2017	3	N.A.	N.A.	LED	N.A.	Water tank	N.A.	[44]
2018	2700	34.5	Clean	LD	520	Water tank	OOK-NRZ	[45]
2018	10	10	Turbid	LED	470	Harbor	Manchester	[35]
2018	9700	2.3	Clean	LD	RGB	Water tank	OOK-NRZ	[46]
2019	30,000	12.5	Clean	LD	487	Water tank	PAM4	[30]
2019	3000	1.2	Clean	LED	Blue	Water tank	OFDM	[28]
2019	500	100	Clean	LD	520	Water tank	OOK-NRZ	[47]
2019	30	14.7	Clean	LD	450	Water tank	OOK-NRZ	[48]
2019	50	3	Clean	LD	450	Water tank	16-QAM	[49]

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Giulio Cossu. Recent achievements on underwater optical wireless communication [Invited][J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2019, 17(10): 100009.

Recent achievements on underwater optical wireless communication [Invited] Download： 710次

Fig. 1. Radio frequency attenuation in water^{[79" target="_self" style="display: inline;">–9]}.

Fig. 2. Attenuation curve at different wavelengths^[10].

Fig. 3. Underwater wireless communication scenario.

Fig. 4. Attenuation curve in the visible region, at increasing water turbidity^[10].

Fig. 5. Simulated received optical power as a function of the link distance at different values of water turbidity. Straight gray line indicates the receiver sensitivity.

Fig. 6. Examples of two experimental setups for underwater demonstrations in the laboratory environment^[28,34].

Fig. 7. (a) Picture of the WHOI optical modem; (b) test node with an optical modem installed on top^[23].

Fig. 8. Experimental setup of the sea-trial measurements (left); scheme of the UOWC modem (right)^[36].

Fig. 9. (a) Scheme of the UOWC modem and (b) picture of one of them. The three layers contain a monitor PD, the LEDs, and the receiver^[34]. (c) Experimental setup of the sea-trial measurements.

Table1. Comparison of the Three UWC Technologies

Table2. Typical Absorption and Scattering Coefficients[12]

Table3. Comparison Between Optical Sources for UOWC

Table4. Noticeable Experimental Results for UOWC Systems from 2015

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Recent achievements on underwater optical wireless communication [Invited] Download： 710次

Fig. 1. Radio frequency attenuation in water[79" target="_self" style="display: inline;">–9].

Fig. 2. Attenuation curve at different wavelengths[10].

Fig. 3. Underwater wireless communication scenario.

Fig. 4. Attenuation curve in the visible region, at increasing water turbidity[10].

Fig. 5. Simulated received optical power as a function of the link distance at different values of water turbidity. Straight gray line indicates the receiver sensitivity.

Fig. 6. Examples of two experimental setups for underwater demonstrations in the laboratory environment[28,34].

Fig. 7. (a) Picture of the WHOI optical modem; (b) test node with an optical modem installed on top[23].

Fig. 8. Experimental setup of the sea-trial measurements (left); scheme of the UOWC modem (right)[36].

Fig. 9. (a) Scheme of the UOWC modem and (b) picture of one of them. The three layers contain a monitor PD, the LEDs, and the receiver[34]. (c) Experimental setup of the sea-trial measurements.

Table1. Comparison of the Three UWC Technologies

Table2. Typical Absorption and Scattering Coefficients[12]

Table3. Comparison Between Optical Sources for UOWC

Table4. Noticeable Experimental Results for UOWC Systems from 2015

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Fig. 1. Radio frequency attenuation in water^{[79" target="_self" style="display: inline;">–9]}.

Fig. 2. Attenuation curve at different wavelengths^[10].

Fig. 4. Attenuation curve in the visible region, at increasing water turbidity^[10].

Fig. 6. Examples of two experimental setups for underwater demonstrations in the laboratory environment^[28,34].

Fig. 7. (a) Picture of the WHOI optical modem; (b) test node with an optical modem installed on top^[23].

Fig. 8. Experimental setup of the sea-trial measurements (left); scheme of the UOWC modem (right)^[36].

Fig. 9. (a) Scheme of the UOWC modem and (b) picture of one of them. The three layers contain a monitor PD, the LEDs, and the receiver^[34]. (c) Experimental setup of the sea-trial measurements.