Noninvasive blood glucose detection using a miniature wearable Raman spectroscopy system

Yi Zheng; Xiangping Zhu; Zhe Wang; Zongyu Hou; Fei Gao; Rongzhi Nie; Xiaoxia Cui; Jiangbo She; Bo Peng

doi:doi:10.3788/COL201715.083001

Chinese Optics Letters, 2017, 15 (8): 083001, Published Online: Jul. 20, 2018

Noninvasive blood glucose detection using a miniature wearable Raman spectroscopy system Download： 1480次

Yi Zheng ^1,2Xiangping Zhu ¹Zhe Wang ³Zongyu Hou ³Fei Gao ¹Rongzhi Nie ^1,4Xiaoxia Cui ¹Jiangbo She ¹Bo Peng ^1,*

Author Affiliations

¹ State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Xi’an 710119, China

² University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China

³ State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua-BP Clean Energy Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

⁴ School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1. Experimental setup: the schematic diagram of the miniature wearable Raman spectroscopy system.

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Fig. 2. (Color online) Raman spectra of glucose solutions with concentrations of 3.8–13.3 mmol/L. The area of $1372.7 {cm}^{- 1}$ and the concentration of glucose are directly related.

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Fig. 3. (Color online) Difference between the relationship of the peak area and intensity with the concentration of the glucose solution.

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Fig. 4. (Color online) Calculated result of the glucose solution, with a coefficient of determination of 98.1% and an MAE of 0.394 mmol/L.

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Fig. 5. (Color online) Comparison between the spectrum of the rat skin and the spectrum of the glucose solution. The spectrum of the rat skin is more complicated.

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Fig. 6. (Color online) Calculated results for one of the rat samples.

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Fig. 7. (Color online) (A) Comparison between the spectrum of the human skin and the spectrum of the rat skin. (B) Comparison between the spectrum of the human skin and the spectrum of glucose. The spectrum of the human skin is similar to the spectrum of the rat skin.

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Fig. 8. (A) Calculated result for one of the human volunteers without using a grin lens. (B) Calculated result for one of the human volunteers using a grin lens. The result when using a grin lens is obviously better.

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Fig. 9. (Color online) Comparison between calculated results for all samples and one of the samples.

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Table1. Summary of Results from Cross-Validated Calibrations Generated from Data Set of Measurements on Each of the 11 Laboratory Rats

Rat	$R^{2}$	MAE (mmol/L)	Sample Capacity
1	0.960	0.149	25
2	0.954	0.265	147
3	0.924	0.543	53
4	0.905	0.310	77
5	0.893	0.279	53
6	0.889	0.130	23
7	0.879	0.227	24
8	0.868	0.184	23
9	0.853	0.159	30
10	0.851	0.217	229
11	0.851	0.306	51
Mean	0.893	0.252	67

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Table2. Summary of Results from Cross-Validated Calibrations Generated from Data Set of Measurements on Each of the 10 Human Volunteers

Human	$R^{2}$	MAE (mmol/L)	Sample Capacity
1	0.958	0.105	29
2	0.935	0.379	59
3	0.866	0.285	21
4	0.85	0.275	37
5	0.835	0.398	35
6	0.83	0.407	37
7	0.827	0.620	35
8	0.815	0.317	35
9	0.765	0.455	35
10	0.759	0.410	21
Mean	0.844	0.365	34

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Yi Zheng, Xiangping Zhu, Zhe Wang, Zongyu Hou, Fei Gao, Rongzhi Nie, Xiaoxia Cui, Jiangbo She, Bo Peng. Noninvasive blood glucose detection using a miniature wearable Raman spectroscopy system[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2017, 15(8): 083001.

Noninvasive blood glucose detection using a miniature wearable Raman spectroscopy system Download： 1480次

Fig. 1. Experimental setup: the schematic diagram of the miniature wearable Raman spectroscopy system.

Fig. 2. (Color online) Raman spectra of glucose solutions with concentrations of 3.8–13.3 mmol/L. The area of $1372.7 {cm}^{- 1}$ and the concentration of glucose are directly related.

Fig. 3. (Color online) Difference between the relationship of the peak area and intensity with the concentration of the glucose solution.

Fig. 4. (Color online) Calculated result of the glucose solution, with a coefficient of determination of 98.1% and an MAE of 0.394 mmol/L.

Fig. 5. (Color online) Comparison between the spectrum of the rat skin and the spectrum of the glucose solution. The spectrum of the rat skin is more complicated.

Fig. 6. (Color online) Calculated results for one of the rat samples.

Fig. 7. (Color online) (A) Comparison between the spectrum of the human skin and the spectrum of the rat skin. (B) Comparison between the spectrum of the human skin and the spectrum of glucose. The spectrum of the human skin is similar to the spectrum of the rat skin.

Fig. 8. (A) Calculated result for one of the human volunteers without using a grin lens. (B) Calculated result for one of the human volunteers using a grin lens. The result when using a grin lens is obviously better.

Fig. 9. (Color online) Comparison between calculated results for all samples and one of the samples.

Table1. Summary of Results from Cross-Validated Calibrations Generated from Data Set of Measurements on Each of the 11 Laboratory Rats

Table2. Summary of Results from Cross-Validated Calibrations Generated from Data Set of Measurements on Each of the 10 Human Volunteers

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Noninvasive blood glucose detection using a miniature wearable Raman spectroscopy system Download： 1480次

Fig. 1. Experimental setup: the schematic diagram of the miniature wearable Raman spectroscopy system.

Fig. 2. (Color online) Raman spectra of glucose solutions with concentrations of 3.8–13.3 mmol/L. The area of 1372.7 cm−1 and the concentration of glucose are directly related.

Fig. 3. (Color online) Difference between the relationship of the peak area and intensity with the concentration of the glucose solution.

Fig. 4. (Color online) Calculated result of the glucose solution, with a coefficient of determination of 98.1% and an MAE of 0.394 mmol/L.

Fig. 5. (Color online) Comparison between the spectrum of the rat skin and the spectrum of the glucose solution. The spectrum of the rat skin is more complicated.

Fig. 6. (Color online) Calculated results for one of the rat samples.

Fig. 7. (Color online) (A) Comparison between the spectrum of the human skin and the spectrum of the rat skin. (B) Comparison between the spectrum of the human skin and the spectrum of glucose. The spectrum of the human skin is similar to the spectrum of the rat skin.

Fig. 8. (A) Calculated result for one of the human volunteers without using a grin lens. (B) Calculated result for one of the human volunteers using a grin lens. The result when using a grin lens is obviously better.

Fig. 9. (Color online) Comparison between calculated results for all samples and one of the samples.

Table1. Summary of Results from Cross-Validated Calibrations Generated from Data Set of Measurements on Each of the 11 Laboratory Rats

Table2. Summary of Results from Cross-Validated Calibrations Generated from Data Set of Measurements on Each of the 10 Human Volunteers

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Fig. 2. (Color online) Raman spectra of glucose solutions with concentrations of 3.8–13.3 mmol/L. The area of $1372.7 {cm}^{- 1}$ and the concentration of glucose are directly related.