This paper reviews the recent advances on the high-performance distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensing, which include the conventional distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensing based on backward stimulated Brillouin scattering and two other novel distributed sensing mechanisms based on Brillouin dynamic grating and forward stimulated Brillouin scattering, respectively. As for the conventional distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensing, the spatial resolution has been improved from meter to centimeter in the time-domain scheme and to millimeter in the correlation-domain scheme, respectively; the measurement time has been reduced from minute to millisecond and even to microsecond; the sensing range has reached more than 100 km. Brillouin dynamic grating can be used to measure the birefringence of a polarization-maintaining fiber, which has been explored to realize distributed measurement of temperature, strain, salinity, static pressure, and transverse pressure. More recently, forward stimulated Brillouin scattering has gained considerable interest because of its capacity to detect mechanical features of materials surrounding the optical fiber, and remarkable works using ingenious schemes have managed to realize distributed measurement, which opens a brand-new way to achieve position-resolved substance identification.

基于受激布里渊散射（SBS）效应的布里渊动态光栅（BDG）自提出以来，一直受到人们的广泛关注。相比于光纤布拉格光栅（FBG），BDG具有快速重构、读写分离、参数可控等优点，已在保偏光纤、单模光纤、少模光纤和光子晶体光纤中实现。同时，不同类型的BDG研究也不断出现，如啁啾BDG、相移BDG、混沌BDG和随机BDG等。简要介绍了BDG的产生原理，并对不同光纤中的BDG、不同类型BDG及BDG在分布式光纤传感、全光信号处理领域的应用进行详细阐述，最后，对BDG的发展趋势进行了总结与展望。

为了提高光纤横向压强传感器传感系数,降低温度对压强传感的影响,提出一种具有“三明治”结构的光子晶体光纤,并利用有限元法对其布里渊动态光栅传感特性进行数值模拟。研究了不同压强和温度条件下光子晶体光纤双折射频移的变化,分析了光子晶体光纤结构对其传感特性的影响,结果表明:设计的光子晶体光纤具有高传感精度,0~40 ℃下光子晶体光纤慢轴方向上双折射频移的压强传感系数约为692 MHz/MPa,光纤快轴方向上压强传感系数约为-404 MHz/MPa,0~40 MPa下温度系数仅为0.18 MHz/℃;与利用普通保偏光子晶体光纤设计的传感系数为199 MHz/MPa的压强传感系统相比,灵敏度提高了493 MHz/MPa。设计的光子晶体光纤提高了横向压强传感器传感系数且不易受温度的影响,适用于高精度静水压强传感领域。

在保偏光纤两端同一偏振方向上注入两束泵浦光, 产生受激布里渊散射并激发出相干声波场, 该声波场会对介质折射率进行调制, 即形成布里渊动态光栅。利用该动态光栅可实现温度与应变高精度的分布式测量以及多参量的同时传感, 并具有读写分离、光谱可调等优点。文章从原理上详细介绍了布里渊散射与布里渊动态光栅的产生原理, 并对比分析了布里渊动态光栅在光纤传感方面的优势。针对现阶段布里渊动态光栅在布里渊光相干域与布里渊光时域中的应用进行详细综述, 指出了各自的不足与改进后取得的进展。最后, 对布里渊动态光栅在分布式光纤传感技术中的发展进行了总结与展望。

This paper reviews distributed discrimination of strain and temperature by use of an optical fiber based on fiber optic nerve systems. The preliminary method based on multiple resonance peaks of the Brillouin gain spectrum in a specially-designed fiber is firstly introduced. The complete discrimination of strain and temperature based on the Brillouin dynamic grating in a polarization maintaining fiber is extensively presented. The basic principle and two experimental schemes of distributed discrimination based on fiber optic nerve systems are demonstrated. The performance of the high discriminative accuracy (0.1 ℃-0.3 ℃ and 5-12 με) and high spatial resolution (~10 cm) with the effective measurement points of about 50 for a standard system configuration or about 1000 for a modified one will be highly expected in real industry applications.