Light carries energy and momentum, laying the physical foundation of optical manipulation that has facilitated advances in myriad scientific disciplines, ranging from biochemistry and robotics to quantum physics. Utilizing the momentum of light, optical tweezers have exemplified elegant light–matter interactions in which mechanical and optical momenta can be interchanged, whose effects are the most pronounced on micro and nano objects in fluid suspensions. In solid domains, the same momentum transfer becomes futile in the face of dramatically increased adhesion force. Effective implementation of optical manipulation should thereupon switch to the “energy” channel by involving auxiliary physical fields, which also coincides with the irresistible trend of enriching actuation mechanisms beyond sole reliance on light-momentum-based optical force. From this perspective, this review covers the developments of optical manipulation in schemes of both momentum and energy transfer, and we have correspondingly selected representative techniques to present. Theoretical analyses are provided at the beginning of this review followed by experimental embodiments, with special emphasis on the contrast between mechanisms and the practical realization of optical manipulation in fluid and solid domains.

A phase-only method is proposed to transform an optical vortex field into desired spiral diffraction–interference patterns. Double-ring phase apertures are designed to produce a concentric high-order vortex beam and a zeroth-order vortex beam, and the diffracted intensity ratio of two beams is adjustable between 0 and 1. The coherent superposition of the two diffracted beams generates a brighter Airy spot (or Poisson spot) in the middle of the spiral pattern, where the singularity for typical vortex beam is located. Experiments employing circular, triangular, and rectangular phase apertures with topological charges from 3 to 16 demonstrate a stable, compact, and flexible apparatus for vortex beam conversion. By adjusting the parameters of the phase aperture, the proposed method can realize the optical Gaussian tweezer function and the optical vortex tweezer function simultaneously along the same axis or switch the experimental setup between the two functions. It also has potential applications in light communication through turbulent air by transmitting an orbital angular momentum-coded signal with a concentric beacon laser.

结合光束塑形技术、坐标变换技术、傅里叶相移定理，成功产生了霍曼转移结构光束，其具备相位梯度，从而拥有在微观世界中输运粒子的能力，并且大小、结构、相位梯度，均可任意调控，在应用中可依据实际需求对光束进行相应的调整。搭建光镊实验光路，并使用霍曼转移结构光束对聚苯乙烯粒子进行了操控，其实验结果与理论相符，可以使粒子完美的沿着轨道进行输运。该研究在光学微操纵特别是粒子的变轨运输领域具有重要的意义。

Optical line tweezers have been an efficient tool for the manipulation of large micron particles. In this paper, we propose to create line traps with transformable configurations by using the transverse electromagnetic mode-like laser source. We designed an optical path to simulate the generation of the astigmatic beams and line traps with a series of lenses to realize the rotational transformation with respect to the rotation angle of cylindrical lenses. It is shown that the spherical particles with diameters ranging from 5 μm to 20 μm could be trapped, aligned, and revolved in experiment. The periodical trapping forces generated by transformable line traps might open an alternative way to investigate the mechanical properties of soft particles and biological cells.

垂直腔是激光器、探测器、滤波器、传感器等器件的核心结构，垂直腔的光场分布对激光器、滤波器、传感器等的性能具有重要的影响。垂直腔的结构影响垂直腔的光场分布，从而影响基于垂直腔的器件设计、制作以及其性能。近年来，人们围绕垂直腔的构建及其光场调控做了大量的研究，在理论基础以及器件应用等方面取得了显著进展。首先，介绍了传统上/下分布布拉格反射镜垂直腔的色散特性，和其光场调控的方法以及它们在激光器和滤波器等领域的应用；其次，介绍了基于一维和二维高折射率差亚波长光栅基复合腔的色散特性，和它们在新型激光器和单片集成多波长滤波器阵列等领域的应用；最后，对文章进行总结并展望了垂直腔的新应用。