Three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear photonic crystals have received intensive interest as an ideal platform to study nonlinear wave interactions and explore their applications. Periodic fork-shaped gratings are extremely important in this context because they are capable of generating second-harmonic vortex beams from a fundamental Gaussian wave, which has versatile applications in optical trapping and materials engineering. However, previous studies mainly focused on the normal incidence of the fundamental Gaussian beam, resulting in symmetric emissions of the second-harmonic vortices. Here we present an experimental study on second-harmonic vortex generation in periodic fork-shaped gratings at oblique incidence, in comparison with the case of normal incidence. More quasi-phase-matching resonant wavelengths have been observed at oblique incidence, and the second-harmonic emissions become asymmetric against the incident beam. These results agree well with theoretic explanations. The oblique incidence of the fundamental wave is also used for the generation of second-harmonic Bessel beams with uniform azimuthal intensity distributions. Our study is important for a deeper understanding of nonlinear interactions in a 3D periodic medium. It also paves the way toward achieving high-quality structured beams at new frequencies, which is important for manipulation of the orbital angular momentum of light.

Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microresonators can greatly enhance light–matter interaction, making them indispensable units for frequency conversion in nonlinear optics. Efficient nonlinear wave mixing in microresonators requires stringent simultaneous optical resonance and phase-matching conditions. Thus, it is challenging to achieve efficient frequency conversion over a broad bandwidth. Here, we demonstrate broadband second-harmonic generation (SHG) in the x-cut thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) microdisk with a quality factor above 10⁷ by applying the cyclic quasi-phase-matching (CQPM) mechanism, which is intrinsically applicable for broadband operation. Broadband SHG of continuous-wave laser with a maximum normalized conversion efficiency of ∼15%/mW is achieved with a bandwidth spanning over 100 nm in the telecommunication band. Furthermore, broadband SHG of femtosecond lasers, supercontinuum lasers, and amplified spontaneous emission in the telecommunication band is also experimentally observed. The work is beneficial for integrated nonlinear photonics devices like frequency converters and optical frequency comb generator based on second-order nonlinearity on the TFLN platform.

Entangled photon pairs are crucial resources for quantum information processing protocols. Via the process of spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC), we can generate these photon pairs using bulk nonlinear crystals. Traditionally, the crystal is designed to satisfy a specific type of phase-matching condition. Here, we report controllable transitions among different types of phase matching in a single periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate crystal. By carefully selecting pump conditions, we can satisfy different phase-matching conditions. This allows us to observe first-order Type-II, fifth-order Type-I, third-order Type-0, and fifth-order Type-II SPDCs. The temperature-dependent spectra of our source were also analyzed in detail. Finally, we discussed the possibility of observing more than nine SPDCs in this crystal. Our work not only deepens the understanding of the physics behind phase-matching conditions, but also offers the potential for a highly versatile entangled biphoton source for quantum information research.

提出一种基于交叉泵浦实现受激电磁耦子散射的非共线相位匹配的方法，获得频率可调谐的窄带Stokes光输出。根据参量放大理论，推导出交叉泵浦受激电磁耦子散射的单程放大增益效率表达式，揭示了交叉泵浦实现受激电磁耦子非共线相位匹配的物理机制。实验上采用泵浦光在晶体侧面全反射的方式构建交叉泵浦，通过旋转晶体改变泵浦光全反射角，实现相位匹配条件的改变和输出Stokes光频率的调谐。输出Stokes光线宽为0.17 nm，波长调谐范围为1 068~1 076 nm。在15 mJ的泵浦能量下的输出能量为1.07 mJ，能量转化效率为6.8%。本研究为非线性参量转换过程中的相位匹配方法提供一种方案参考，尤其适用于泵浦光脉宽小于纳秒量级的短脉冲情况。

量子密钥分发 (QKD) 在信道中容易丢失信息载体, 因此有限的通信距离和密钥生成速率是其应用的主要瓶颈。一般而言, 密钥速率受信道传输速率的限制, 而相位匹配量子密钥分发 (PM-QKD) 协议的提出克服了线性密钥速率的约束, 即安全密钥速率与传输速率的平方根成正比。虽然PM-QKD协议可以保证探测器的安全性, 但光源方面仍存在一些缺陷。在PM-QKD协议中, 一般假设光源为理想相干态, 而这与实际的QKD系统不完全相符, 从而造成一些安全问题。本研究讨论了光子数分布未知条件下的PM-QKD协议, 证明了光子数分布未知条件下的安全性分析仍然是合理的, 也表明基于光源检测的PM-QKD协议产生的密钥率与理想光源下的密钥率基本一致。

针对水下高速无线激光通信发射功率较低，通信距离受限的问题，该研究采用非线性光学中二次谐波理论，将1064 nm的高速外调制与放大技术和非线性晶体的准相位匹配技术相结合，通过光学设计和系统参数研究，设计了一种532 nm的高速大功率无线激光调制发射系统，并建立了基于温度和角度变换的波长转换效率模型。然后通过仿真分析的方法得到了不同温度下，最大转换效率对应的角度范围。最后对系统的性能进行了系统搭建和实验分析，验证了该系统在常温下可实现1 W大功率532 nm绿光无线输出，且频率大于1 GHz的模拟信号和速率大于500 Mbps的数字信号调制。实验结果表明：常温下，该系统输出的光斑光强分布均匀，光束质量显著好于调制后的基频光模式。系统输出的方波信号上升沿宽度和下降沿宽度会发生压缩，但随着脉冲宽度的减小压缩现象会发生收敛，上升沿宽度收敛于0.27，下降沿宽度收敛于0.06，系统输出的正弦信号随着频率的增加没有发生明显的畸变。研究结果可以为未来水下长距离高速无线光通信应用提供理论和技术支撑。