To probe the electron density distribution of the plasma,double-frequency grating shearing interferometry based on the soft X-ray laser technology is developed.The 13.9 nm Ni-like Ag soft X-ray laser is used as a probe to make attempt on the diagnosis of laser produced plasma from a planar gold wafer target.Clear interference fringes image is achieved,which fully demonstrates the practicability of this technology.However,there are some problems such as the unclear target surface in the image.Analysis indicates the main reasons of these problems and a reasonable solution is proposed to improve this technology.

针对高温稠密激光等离子体临界密度附近电子密度的诊断需求,发展了基于软X射线激光的软X射线双频光栅干涉诊断技术.利用波长13.9 nm的类镍银软X射线激光作为探针,掠入射式的双频光栅作为分光干涉元件,对激光辐照金平面靶产生的等离子体进行诊断尝试.实验获得了清晰的干涉条纹图像,充分表明该技术的实用性.但结果中存在靶面不清晰等问题,为此,提出了初步的解决方案.

It is important to diagnose electron density of a plasma irradiated by lasers for inertial confinement fusion, in high energy density physics and related fields, especially for measuring high-Z plasma near the interface. Use of soft X-ray laser as a probe is an important method in diagnosis of plasma electron density distribution. However, it is difficult to carry out the research in high-Z laser plasma, because of the problem of excessive plasma spontaneous radiation. In view of the characteristics of soft X-ray laser, several specific experimental techniques have been developed. By using these techniques, which can greatly suppress effects of spontaneous radiation, diagnosis of high-Z plasma with soft X-ray laser probe method becomes possible. As a typical example, an experiment of diagnosing gold plasma is performed and clear images are obtained, indicating that the techniques are effective and feasible.

The diagnoses of laser-produced plasma electron density have important significance for inertial confinement fusion, plasma physics, high energy density physics and other relevant fields, especially for measuring electron density distribution information of medium and high-Z material plasma near the critical density surface. With 13.9 nm Ni-like Ag X-ray laser serving as a probe, using double frequency grating shearing interference technique, the electron density distribution of plasma produced by laser irradiating a gold planar target is measured. Clear interference fringe image is obtained. Preliminary deduction of the fringe shows that the maximum density measured is about 1.4 times the critical density. It is found that there are some discrepancies between experimental results and simulation results, which provides a useful reference to the further optimization of the simulation program. The experimental results fully demonstrate that the soft X-ray double frequency grating shearing interference technique is practical to diagnose near-critical-density plasma of medium and high-Z materials, which will have a good application value.

为了研究类镍氪32.8 nm激光输出所需的等离子体状态，利用Cowan程序计算了类镍氪32.8 nm激光系统的有关原子参数。根据能级参数，建立并求解了准稳态近似下的有关能级速率方程，计算获得了激光上、下能级的相对粒子数密度和相对增益系数随电子温度和电子密度的变化规律，并分析了3d94p、3d94d和3d94f组态的能级对激光产生的影响。通过理论计算得到实现类镍氪32.8 nm激光输出所需的最佳等离子体状态。最佳电子温度约为75 eV，最佳电子密度约为1018 cm-3。计算结果为未来开展毛细管放电抽运类镍氪32.8 nm激光实验提供了理论依据。

为了提高毛细管放电类氖氩46.9 nm软X射线激光的强度，研究了主脉冲电流波形对等离子体Z箍缩过程、激光的产生时间及激光强度的影响。通过改变主开关导通电感，实现了对主脉冲电流上升沿的改变。随着电流上升沿的增加，激光尖峰幅值减小，激光产生时间增加。实验进一步研究了平均电流变化率对激光强度的影响:在毛细管内径3 mm、管内初始气压30 Pa的情况下，产生46.9 nm激光的最佳平均电流变化率约为7.0×1011 A/s。

利用等离子体波导实现光场感应电离（OFI）X射线激光放大，一方面可以降低产生X射线激光的抽运激光阈值，从而提高由于自散焦而降低的有效激光功率密度；另一方面，由于等离子体中产生的大量电子被束缚在等离子体波导内，降低X光信号色散影响，可以大大提高激光增益长度，这是一种实现台上X射线激光新的抽运机制。详细介绍了光场感应电离X射线激光、强激光等离子体波导以及等离子体波导中光场感应电离X射线激光的研究进展。

In a capillary discharge experiment for the neon-like argon lasing, we have proposed an experimental scheme to verify that the multi-spike of X-ray diode (XRD) signal is a multi-pulse laser or is a reflection of the laser pulse in the XRD. The ceramic capillary has an inner diameter of 3 mm and a length of 200 mm. At the gas pressure of 28 Pa and discharge current of 27 kA, stable lasing has been realized. The experimental results prove that the multi-spike of XRD signal is a reflection of the electromagnetic signal produced by the laser pulse in the XRD. The improved electrocircuit scheme of the XRD to minimize the reflection phenomena is also found.

介绍了脉冲功率技术在离子准分子、准分子和软X射线激光研究中的应用情况.给出了三种激光产生对泵浦源电学参数的要求,并给出实现这些电学参数的实验装置以及实验装置的性能指标.在软X射线激光研究方面,利用10级Marx发生器和Blumlein传输线,建立了最高电流峰值40kA,前沿为26.6 ns的毛细管放电装置,并实现了46.9 nm激光输出.建立了输出电压600kV、输出电流20 kA的电子束装置,并作为泵浦源实现了离子准分子光腔效应.为了泵浦S2准分子,采用横向放电方式和低电感放电回路,实现了电压脉冲宽度为29.2ns的窄脉冲放电.

以哈尔滨工业大学可调谐激光技术国家重点实验室中的Marx发生器的放电脉冲波形为基础,理论上模拟计算了在不同放电参数下充氩气的毛细管放电产生的等离子体状态和类氖氩离子3p-3s跃迁线的增益系数的时空演变过程.中心模型中,选取内径为3.1 mm的陶瓷毛细管并充入初始密度为1.07×10^-6g·cm^-3的氩气,电流脉冲峰值为27.81 kA,脉冲宽度为61.4 ns.改变放电参数进行模拟,结果表明:上升前沿越陡,则增益系数越大,电流脉冲上升时间在20～40 ns,电流峰值在25～40 kA,电流脉冲宽度在50～70 ns范围内,毛细管放电产生的等离子体状态比较理想,可获得较高的增益系数.