Microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging (MTAI) has emerged as a potential biomedical imaging modality with over 20-year growth. MTAI typically employs pulsed microwave as the pumping source, and detects the microwave-induced ultrasound wave via acoustic transducers. Therefore, it features high acoustic resolution, rich electromagnetic contrast, and large imaging depth. Benefiting from these unique advantages, MTAI has been extensively applied to various fields including pathology, biology, material and medicine. Till now, MTAI has been deployed for a wide range of biomedical applications, including cancer diagnosis, joint evaluation, brain investigation and endoscopy. This paper provides a comprehensive review on (1) essential physics (endogenous/exogenous contrast mechanisms, penetration depth and resolution), (2) hardware configurations and software implementations (excitation source, antenna, ultrasound detector and image recovery algorithm), (3) animal studies and clinical applications, and (4) future directions.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) not only destroys tumor cells directly but also induced anti-tumor immune response through damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). It is reported that anti-tumor response was associated with light dose and photosensitizer used in PDT. In this study, 4T1 tumor cells were implanted on both the right and left flanks of mice. Only the right tumor was treated by HpD-PDT, while the left tumor was not irradiated. The anti-tumor immune response induced by HpD-PDT was investigated. The expression of DAMPs and costimulatory molecules induced by HpD-PDT were tested by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry in vivo. Different light doses of PDT were designed to treat 4T1 cells. The killing effect was assessed by CCK-8 kit and apoptosis kit. The expression of DAMPs on 4T1 cells after HpDPDT were evaluated by flow cytometry, western blot and ATP kit. This study showed that CD4tT, CD8tT and the production of IFN-γ were increased significantly on day 10 in righttumor after PDT treatment compared with control group. HpD-PDT enhanced the expression of calreticulin (CRT) on tumor tissue. Importantly, co-stimulatory molecular OX-40 and 4-1BB were elevated on CD8tT cells. In vitro, immunogenic death of 4T1 cells was induced after PDT. Besides, the expression of DAMPs increased with the increasing of energy density. This study indicates that anti-tumor immune effect was induced by HpD-PDT. The knowledge of the involvement of CRT, ATP and co-stimulatory molecules uncovers important mechanistic insight into the anti-tumor immunogenicity. It was the first time that co-stimulatory molecules were investigated and found to elevate after PDT.

This study is aimed at the chemical synthesis of light-activated cobalt-doped zinc oxide and its further doping on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and assessment of its antibacterial activity on antibiotic-resistant waterborne pathogens including Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized via UV–vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nanoparticles portrayed a significant killing of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The synthesized nanoparticles were further found as active killers of bacteria in drinking water. Further, these nanoparticles were found photothermally active alongside ROS generators. The photokilling activity makes them ideal replacement candidates for traditional water filters.

Irradiance uniformity is an important parameter for a Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) device. The calibration and verification of a LED array light source based on computer vision technology were implemented and carried out. First, the correlation coe±cients between the pulse width modulate value and the irradiance were calibrated. Then, the correction of the actual light center and divergence angle were solved by image processing to reduce errors from each LED lens. Finally, uniformity was optimized according to the irradiance formula of the Lambertian source. The lowest coe±cients of variation of irradiance were 4.87% in a 5 cm
12 cm area and 3.55% in a 3cm-10 cm area within the depth range of 8–12 cm when the expected irradiance was 100mW/cm2. This finding indicated that the light source can achieve a more uniform illumination and provide a better therapeutic effect for the PDT of port-wine stains.

Rosacea presents as transient or persistent erythema, papules, pustules, flushing, and telangiectasia on the middle of the face, which has some clinical similarity with actinic keratosis (AK). These two conditions can coexist in the same patient. Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) could be useful methods for diagnosis and monitoring treatment e±cacy. Novel intense pulsed light-photodynamic therapy (IPL-PDT) may have better tolerance and curative effect than traditional red-light 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALAPDT). Herein, we present a case of facial AKs concomitant with rosacea where combination therapy of novel IPL-PDT and oral minocycline was effective in that AK lesions were eliminated and the patient's facial erythema and telangiectasia were significantly improved.

Near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging guided photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a technique which has been developed in many clinical trials due to its advantage of real-time optical monitoring, specific spatiotemporal selectivity, and minimal invasiveness. For this, photosensitizers with NIR fluorescence emission and high 1O2 generation quantum yield are highly desirable. Herein, we designed and synthesized a "donor–acceptor" (D-A) structured semiconductor polymer (SP), which was then wrapped with an amphiphilic compound (Pluronicr F127) to prepare water-soluble nanoparticles (F-SP NPs). The obtained F-SP NPs exhibit good water solubility, excellent particle size stability, strong absorbance at deep red region, and strong NIR fluorescent emission characteristics. The maximal mass extinction coe±cient and fluorescence quantum yield of these F-SPs were calculated to be 21.7 L/(g·cm) and 6.5%, respectively. Moreover, the 1O2 quantum yield of 89% for F-SP NPs has been achieved under 635 nm laser irradiation, which is higher than Methylene Blue, Ce6, and PpIX. The outstanding properties of these F-SP NPs originate from their unique D-A molecular characteristic. This work should help guide the design of novel semiconductor polymer for NIR fluorescent imaging guided PDT applications.

Near-infrared (NIR) spectral analysis, which has the advantages of rapidness, nondestruction and high-e±ciency, is widely used in the detection of feed, food and mineral. In terms of qualitative identification, it can also be used for the discriminant analysis of medicines. Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network, bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) neural network and gated recurrent unit (GRU) network are variants of the recurrent neural network (RNN). The potential relationship between nonlinear features learned from the sequence by these variants is used to complete the missions in fields such as natural language processing, signal classification and video analysis. Since the effect of these variants in drug identification is still to be studied, this paper constructs a multiclassifier of these three variants, using compound α-keto acid tablets produced by four manufacturers and repaglinide tablets produced by five manufacturers as the research object. Then, the paper analyzes the impacts of seven different preprocessed methods on the drug NIR data by constructing different layers of LSTM, BiLSTM and GRU networks and compares different classification model indicators and training time of each model. When the spectrum data are pre-processed by z-score normalization, the GRU-3 model has the best accuracy in all models. The BiLSTM models are better for analyzing high coincidence data. The method proposed in this paper can be further extended to other NIR spectroscopy data sets.

We propose a high-speed all-optic dual-modal system that integrates spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). A 3 × 3 coupler-based interferometer is used to remotely detect the surface vibration caused by photoacoustic (PA) waves. Three outputs of the interferometer are acquired simultaneously with a multi-channel data acquisition card. One channel data with the highest PA signal detection sensitivity is selected for sensitivity compensation. Experiment on the phantom demonstrates that the proposed method can successfully compensate for the loss of intensity caused by sensitivity variation. The imaging speed of the PAM is improved compared to our previous system. The total time to image a sample with 256-256 pixels is -20 s. Using the proposed system, the microvasculature in the mouse auricle is visualized and the blood flow state is accessed.

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy can resolve the chemical components and distribution of living biological systems in a label-free manner and is favored in several disciplines. Current CARS microscopes typically use bulky, high-performance solid-state lasers, which are expensive and sensitive to environmental changes. With their relatively low cost and environmental sensitivity, supercontinuum fiber (SF) lasers with a small footprint have found increasing use in biomedical applications. Upon these features, in this paper, we homebuilt a lowcost CARS microscope based on a SF laser module (scCARS microscope). This SF laser module is specially customized by adding a time-synchronized seed source channel to the SF laser to form a dual-channel output laser. The performance of the scCARS microscope is evaluated with dimethyl sulfoxide, whose results confirm a spatial resolution of better than 500 nm and a detection sensitivity of millimolar concentrations. The dual-color imaging capability is further demonstrated by imaging different species of mixed microspheres. We finally explore the potential of our scCARS microscope by mapping lipid droplets in different cancer cells and corneal stromal lenses.

Previous studies have already shown that Raman spectroscopy can be used in the encoding of suspension array technology. However, almost all existing convolutional neural network-based decoding approaches rely on supervision with ground truth, and may not be well generalized to unseen datasets, which were collected under different experimental conditions, applying with the same coded material. In this study, we propose an improved model based on CyCADA, named as Detail constraint Cycle Domain Adaptive Model (DCDA). DCDA implements the classification of unseen datasets through domain adaptation, adapts representations at the encode level with decoder-share, and enforces coding features while leveraging a feat loss. To improve detailed structural constraints, DCDA takes downsample connection and skips connection. Our model improves the poor generalization of existing models and saves the cost of the labeling process for unseen target datasets. Compared with other models, extensive experiments and ablation studies show the superiority of DCDA in terms of classification stability and generalization. The model proposed by the research achieves a classification with an accuracy of 100% when applied in datasets, in which the spectrum in the source domain is far less than the target domain.