Two-step solvent post-treatment on PTAA for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells

Yang Li; Chao Liang; Gaopeng Wang; Jielei Li; Shi Chen; Shihe Yang; Guichuan Xing; Hui Pan

doi:doi:10.1364/PRJ.398529

Photonics Research, 2020, 8 (10): 10000A39, Published Online: Sep. 18, 2020

Two-step solvent post-treatment on PTAA for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells Download： 861次

Yang Li ¹Chao Liang ¹Gaopeng Wang ²Jielei Li ¹Shi Chen ¹Shihe Yang ²Guichuan Xing ^1,4,*Hui Pan ^1,3,5,*

Author Affiliations

¹ Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macao SAR, 999078, China

² Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Material Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China

³ Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macao SAR, 999078, China

⁴ e-mail: gcxing@um.edu.mo

⁵ e-mail: huipan@um.edu.mo

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1. Transmittance of PTAA on (a) ITO glass and on (b) electronic grade pure glass; SEM (scale bar=1 μm) images of (c) ITO glass and (d) PTAA precursor covered ITO glass. XPS profiles for PTAA, PTAA+DMF, PTAA+DMF/CB, and PTAA+DMF/toluene on ITO substrate: (e) scan for O 1s; (f) scan for N 1s.

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Fig. 2. AFM phase images (500 nm×500 nm) of (a) ITO/PTAA, (b) ITO/PTAA/DMF, (c) ITO/PTAA/DMF/toluene, and (d) ITO+PTAA/DMF/CB. (Insets show the 3D morphology for each film and RMS reflects the film roughness.)

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Fig. 3. (a)–(c) Cross-sectional SEM images for devices with PTAA, PTAA/DMF/CB, and PTAA/DMF/toluene as HTLs, respectively. (d)–(h) Top-view SEM images of perovskite film on glass/PTAA, glass, glass/PTAA/DMF/toluene, glass/PTAA/DMF, and glass/PTAA/DMF/CB. (Red circles show pin holes.) (i)–(l) Contact angles for (i) PTAA; (j) PTAA/DMF; (k) PTAA/DMF/CB, and (l) PTAA+DMF/toluene on glass.

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Fig. 4. Top-view AFM images (1 μm×1 μm) of perovskites on PTAA with different solvent modification during (rotating state) or after spin coating of DMF (stable state): (a) glass/PTAA/DMF/toluene (drop under stable state)+PSK; (b) glass/PTAA/PSK; (c) glass/PTAA/DMF/toluene (drop while rotating)/PSK; (d) glass/PTAA/DMF/PSK; (e) glass+PTAA/DMF/CB (drop while rotating)/PSK; (f) glass+PTAA/DMF/CB (drop under stable state)/PSK.

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Fig. 5. (a) XRD patterns and (b) UV-vis absorption spectra for PTAA/PSK, PTAA/DMF/PSK, PTAA/DMF/CB/PSK, and PTAA/DMF/toluene/PSK on ITO substrates. (c) Steady-state PL and (d) TRPL spectra for PSCs corresponding to the films in (a) and (b).

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Fig. 6. (a) J-V curve under 1.5G sunlight through a solar simulator by reverse scan for PSCs using PTAA with different concentrations (device structure: ITO/PTAA/PSK/PCBM/BCP/Ag). (b) Best device based on toluene-treated PTAA. (c) to (g) J-V curves for devices based on different PTAA substrates by reverse and forward scans: (d) PTAA without any treatment; (e) PTAA treated with DMF; (f) PTAA treated with DMF/CB. The active area for the above cells is 0.05 cm2.

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Fig. 7. (a) Device structure. (b) Enlarged drawing of toluene between PTAA and perovskite. (c) Energy-level diagram of each layer in the device. (d) Fabrication process of PSCs based on DMF/toluene-treated PTAA. (e) J-V curves (by reverse scan) for the devices in this research. (f) Nyquist plot for PSCs with pristine PTAA and PTAA treated by DMF, DMF/CB, and DMF/toluene, respectively (bias voltage=0.6 V, frequency in range of 0.1–100 Hz). (g) IPCE curves of PSCs by using PTAA, PTAA/DMF, PTAA/DMF/CB, and PTAA/DMF/toluene as HTLs. (h) Long-term stability test for PSCs fabricated based on PTAA treated by different solvents in ambient with humidity above 35% and temperature around RT.

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Fig. 8. Data difference analysis for 36 PSCs by using toluene-treated PTAA as hole transport material in inverted structure.

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Fig. 9. Photovoltaic parameters of the best device (with DMF/toluene modified PTAA as HTL) newly prepared as well as after storage in N2-filled glove box for 10 and 20 days (measured under continuous 1.5G light illumination, 30 s once, in ambient). Relationships between exposure time and exposure time and (a) efficiency, (b) Jsc, (c) Voc, and (d) FF, respectively.

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Table1. Film Thickness Measurement Result by a Step Profiler

Group	PTAA+DMF+CB+PSK	PTAA+DMF+toluene+PSK	PTAA+DMF+PSK	PTAA
Thickness	450 nm	456 nm	459 nm	15 nm

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Table2. Contact Angle Measurement Results Corresponding to PTAA with Different Solvent Treatment^a

Group	$θ_{(M)}$	$θ_{(L)}$	$θ_{(R)}$
PTAA	107.30	106.49	108.10
PTAA/DMF	106.80	106.68	106.92
PTAA/CB	60.48	60.91	60.04
PTAA/toluene	81.94	84.06	79.80

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Table3. TRPL Time Decay Analysis Through Double Exponential Fitting Method

Group	A₁	A₂	$τ_{1}$ (ns)	$τ_{2}$ (ns)	$τ_{average}$ (ns)
PTAA/DMF/CB/PSK^a	126.65	1.96	1.82	7.41	2.15
PTAA/DMF/toluene/PSK^a	211.51	2.66	1.72	5.66	1.88
PTAA/DMF/PSK	10.03	0.94	3.48	11.40	5.35
PTAA/DMF/toluene/PSK^b	236.25	1.99	1.56	8.69	1.88
PTAA/DMF/CB/PSK^b	26.54	1.56	2.61	7.72	3.37
PTAA/PSK	16.95	0.86	2.72	17.86	6.50

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Table4. Long-Term Stability for Devices with Pristine PTAA Compared with PTAA Treated by DMF, DMF/Toluene, and DMF/CB, with Different Storage Times

Storage Time			Efficiency (%)
Storage Time	PTAA	PTAA/DMF	PTAA/DMF/toluene	PTAA/DMF/CB
24 h	17.20	16.86	19.31	18.78
240 h	16.84	15.95	18.78	17.88
480 h	13.29	15.65	18.24	16.37
720 h	4.79	7.05	17.07	15.00

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Table5. Photovoltaic Parameters of the Best Solar Cell with Toluene-Treated PTAA as HTL at Different Storage Times (Measured 21 Times, 30 s Once Under Continuous 1.5G Sunlight Without Encapsulation)

Parameters		Fresh Cells	10 Days Later	20 Days Later
FF	Average	78.00	78.60	78.94
FF	Maximum	80.11	81.64	80.65
$J_{sc}$ ( $mA / {cm}^{2}$ )	Average	23.44	21.95	20.87
$J_{sc}$ ( $mA / {cm}^{2}$ )	Maximum	23.87	23.63	22.72
Efficiency (%)	Average	18.95	17.00	15.75
Efficiency (%)	Maximum	19.51	17.68	16.17
$V_{oc}$ (V)	Average	1.02	1.00	0.96
$V_{oc}$ (V)	Maximum	1.09	1.10	0.98

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Yang Li, Chao Liang, Gaopeng Wang, Jielei Li, Shi Chen, Shihe Yang, Guichuan Xing, Hui Pan. Two-step solvent post-treatment on PTAA for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells[J]. Photonics Research, 2020, 8(10): 10000A39.

Two-step solvent post-treatment on PTAA for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells Download： 861次

Fig. 1. Transmittance of PTAA on (a) ITO glass and on (b) electronic grade pure glass; SEM (scale bar=1 μm) images of (c) ITO glass and (d) PTAA precursor covered ITO glass. XPS profiles for PTAA, PTAA+DMF, PTAA+DMF/CB, and PTAA+DMF/toluene on ITO substrate: (e) scan for O 1s; (f) scan for N 1s.

Fig. 2. AFM phase images (500 nm×500 nm) of (a) ITO/PTAA, (b) ITO/PTAA/DMF, (c) ITO/PTAA/DMF/toluene, and (d) ITO+PTAA/DMF/CB. (Insets show the 3D morphology for each film and RMS reflects the film roughness.)

Fig. 5. (a) XRD patterns and (b) UV-vis absorption spectra for PTAA/PSK, PTAA/DMF/PSK, PTAA/DMF/CB/PSK, and PTAA/DMF/toluene/PSK on ITO substrates. (c) Steady-state PL and (d) TRPL spectra for PSCs corresponding to the films in (a) and (b).

Fig. 8. Data difference analysis for 36 PSCs by using toluene-treated PTAA as hole transport material in inverted structure.

Table1. Film Thickness Measurement Result by a Step Profiler

Table2. Contact Angle Measurement Results Corresponding to PTAA with Different Solvent Treatment^a

Table3. TRPL Time Decay Analysis Through Double Exponential Fitting Method

Table4. Long-Term Stability for Devices with Pristine PTAA Compared with PTAA Treated by DMF, DMF/Toluene, and DMF/CB, with Different Storage Times

Table5. Photovoltaic Parameters of the Best Solar Cell with Toluene-Treated PTAA as HTL at Different Storage Times (Measured 21 Times, 30 s Once Under Continuous 1.5G Sunlight Without Encapsulation)

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Two-step solvent post-treatment on PTAA for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells Download： 861次

Fig. 1. Transmittance of PTAA on (a) ITO glass and on (b) electronic grade pure glass; SEM (scale bar=1 μm) images of (c) ITO glass and (d) PTAA precursor covered ITO glass. XPS profiles for PTAA, PTAA+DMF, PTAA+DMF/CB, and PTAA+DMF/toluene on ITO substrate: (e) scan for O 1s; (f) scan for N 1s.

Fig. 2. AFM phase images (500 nm×500 nm) of (a) ITO/PTAA, (b) ITO/PTAA/DMF, (c) ITO/PTAA/DMF/toluene, and (d) ITO+PTAA/DMF/CB. (Insets show the 3D morphology for each film and RMS reflects the film roughness.)

Fig. 5. (a) XRD patterns and (b) UV-vis absorption spectra for PTAA/PSK, PTAA/DMF/PSK, PTAA/DMF/CB/PSK, and PTAA/DMF/toluene/PSK on ITO substrates. (c) Steady-state PL and (d) TRPL spectra for PSCs corresponding to the films in (a) and (b).

Fig. 8. Data difference analysis for 36 PSCs by using toluene-treated PTAA as hole transport material in inverted structure.

Table1. Film Thickness Measurement Result by a Step Profiler

Table2. Contact Angle Measurement Results Corresponding to PTAA with Different Solvent Treatmenta

Table3. TRPL Time Decay Analysis Through Double Exponential Fitting Method

Table4. Long-Term Stability for Devices with Pristine PTAA Compared with PTAA Treated by DMF, DMF/Toluene, and DMF/CB, with Different Storage Times

Table5. Photovoltaic Parameters of the Best Solar Cell with Toluene-Treated PTAA as HTL at Different Storage Times (Measured 21 Times, 30 s Once Under Continuous 1.5G Sunlight Without Encapsulation)

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Table2. Contact Angle Measurement Results Corresponding to PTAA with Different Solvent Treatment^a