光学学报, 2021, 41 (8): 0823016, 网络出版: 2021-04-10
基于超表面的量子态制备与操控研究进展 
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Progress of Metasurface-Enabled Preparation and Manipulation of Quantum States
图 & 表
图 1. 广义反射和折射定律。(a)广义反射和折射定律示意图[44-45];(b)等离激元超表面中光波的异常折射[46];(c)全介质超表面中光波的异常折射[47]
Fig. 1. Generalized laws of reflection and refraction. (a) Schematic of generalized laws of reflection and refraction[44-45]; (b) anomalous refraction of wave in the plasmonic metasurface[46]; (c) anomalous refraction of wave in the all-dielectric metasurface[47]
图 2. 等离激元超表面波前调控。(a)(b) MIM超表面实现异常反射[56];(c)(d) MIM超表面生成矢量涡旋光束[58];(e)(f)少层超表面同时实现异常折射和反射[59]
Fig. 2. Wavefront control of plasmonic metasurfaces. (a)(b) Anomalous reflection realized by the MIM metasurface[56]; (c)(d) vector vortex beam generated by the MIM metasurface[58]; (e)(f) simultaneous generation of anomalous refraction and reflection of the few-layer metasurface[59]
图 3. 全介质超表面波前调控。(a)电介质纳米粒子的电磁偶极响应[62];(b)单向散射示意图[63];(c)(d)超透镜[67-68];(e)(f)全息[64,69];(g)广角傅里叶透镜[73];(h)自旋选择任意能量分配的光波多路复用[74];(i)突破衍射极限的光聚焦[75];(j)非线性波前调控[77]
Fig. 3. Wavefront control at all-dielectric metasurfaces. (a) Electric and magnetic dipole responses in dielectric nanoparticles[62]; (b) schematic of the unidirectional scattering[63]; (c)(d) metalens[67-68]; (e)(f) hologram[64,69]; (g) wide-angle Fourier lens[73]; (h) optical wavelength multiplexing with spin selective arbitrary energy distribution[74]; (i) focusing beyond the diffraction limit[75]; (j) nonlinear wavefront control[77]
图 4. 量子发射器与超表面集成。(a)超表面增强hBN片中单光子发射示意图[36];(b)量子发射器与超表面耦合前后的光致发光(PL)光谱;(c)从原始系统和耦合系统中得到的二阶自关联函数测量结果;(d)(e)超表面与金刚石NV色心混合系统产生自旋单光子原理图[37];(f)(g)右旋圆偏振和左旋圆偏振光子的远场强度和偏振分布;(h)(i)超表面制备前后的远场发射强度分布测量结果;(j)(k)超表面制备前后的二阶自关联函数测量结果
Fig. 4. Quantum emitters integrated with metasurfaces. (a) Schematic of metasurface-enhanced single-photon emission in hBN flake[36]; (b) photoluminescence (PL) spectra before and after the coupling between quantum emitter and supersurface; (c) second-order autocorrelation functions measured from the pristine and coupled systems; (d)(e) schematic of spinning single photons generated by a hybrid system of metasurface and NV center in diamond[37]; (f)(g) far-field intensity and polarization distributions of right-hand and left-hand circularly polarized photons; (h)(i) measured far-field emission intensity distributions before and after the metasurface fabrication; (j)(k) second-order autocorrelation functions measured before and after the metasurface fabrication
图 5. 量子发射器与双焦超透镜集成[38]。(a)基于超表面的按需自旋控制的单光子发射原理图;(b)(c)器件1和器件2的远场散射模式仿真结果
Fig. 5. Quantum emitters integrated with SSBM[38]. (a) Schematic of metasurface-enabled on-demand spin-state control of single-photon emission; (b)(c) simulated results of far-field scattering patterns of device 1 and device 2
图 6. 量子发射器衰减通道间的量子干涉[89]。(a)(b)超表面产生远程各向异性量子真空的原理;(c)偶极子源的模拟场强分布;(d)(e)x偶极子和y偶极子的模拟反射场强度分布;(f)二能级原子的各向异性衰减率;(g)三能级原子的激发态布居数
Fig. 6. Quantum interference among the decay channels in a quantum emitter[89]. (a)(b) Principle of metasurface-enabled remote anisotropic quantum vacuum; (c) simulated field intensity distribution of a dipole source; (d)(e) simulated reflection field intensity distribution of the x dipole and y dipole respectively; (f) anisotropic decay rate of a two-level atom; (g) excited state populations of a three-level atom
图 7. 基于超透镜阵列的高维和多光子量子源[39]。(a)量子源原理图;(b) EMCCD记录的SPDC光子对阵列图像;(c)(d)四光子和六光子符合计数与泵浦功率的关系;(e)(f)四光子HOM干涉的示意图和测量结果
Fig. 7. Metalens-array-based high-dimensional and multiphoton quantum source[39]. (a) Schematic of the quantum source; (b)image of SPDC photon-pair array recorded by EMCCD; (c)(d) four-photon and six-photon coincidence dependence to pump power; (e)(f) schematic and the measured result of the four-photon HOM interference
图 8. 电介质纳米天线产生的自发光子对[40]。(a) AlGaAs纳米天线通过SPDC过程产生光子对的示意图;(b)纳米天线中偏振关联的SFG过程;(c)光子对的符合测量
Fig. 8. Spontaneous photon-pair generation from a dielectric nanoantenna[40]. (a) Schematic of photon-pair generation from AlGaAs nanoantenna through the SPDC process; (b) SFG process of polarization correlations in the nanoantenna; (c) measured coincidences counts of photon-pair
图 9. 超表面偏振纠缠态操控与测量。(a)(b)利用全介质超表面实现光子的自旋和轨道角动量纠缠[41];(c)~(e)利用全介质超表面重构多光子量子态[42]
Fig. 9. Polarization entanglement manipulation and measurement of metasurfaces. (a)(b) Entanglement of the spin and orbital angular momentum of photons using all-dielectric metasurface[41]; (c)-(e) reconstruction of multiphoton quantum states using all-dielectric metasurface[42]
图 10. 超表面路径纠缠态操控与测量[43]。(a)超表面实现路径纠缠与解纠缠的原理图;(b)产生和测量路径纠缠的双光子NOON态的实验装置;(c)探测器D1与D2 +D3之间的标准化符合计数;(d)超表面干涉仪的量子测量原理图;(e)双光子态引入不同时延时的实验结果
Fig. 10. Path entanglement manipulation and measurement of metasurfaces[43]. (a) Schematic of entanglement and disentanglement achieved by metasurface; (b) experiment setup for the generation and measurement of path-entangled two-photon NOON state; (c) normalized coincidence counts between detector D1 and detector D2+D3; (d) schematic of quantum measurements on a metasurface-based interferometer; (e) experimental results of two-photon state with different time delays
表 1孤立量子系统单光子源分类比较[79]
Table1. Comparison of single-photon sources based on isolated quantum systems[79]
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陈烈裕, 李占成, 程化, 田建国, 陈树琪. 基于超表面的量子态制备与操控研究进展[J]. 光学学报, 2021, 41(8): 0823016. Lieyu Chen, Zhancheng Li, Hua Cheng, Jianguo Tian, Shuqi Chen. Progress of Metasurface-Enabled Preparation and Manipulation of Quantum States[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2021, 41(8): 0823016.
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