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[8] B. Chance, S. Eleff, J. S. Leigh, "Noninvasive, nondestructive approaches to cell bioenergetics," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 77, 7430-7434 (1980).

[9] B. Chance, J. S. Leigh, J. A. Kent-Braun, K. McCully, S. Nioka, B. J. Clark, J. M. Maris, T. Graham, "Multiple controls of oxidative metabolism in living tissues as studied by phosphorus magnetic resonance," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83, 9458-9462 (1986).

[10] G. A. Millikan, "A simple photoelectric colorimeter," J. Physiol. 79, 152-157 (1933).

[11] B. Chance, "Spectrophotometry of intracellular respiratory pigments," Science 120, 767-775 (1954).

[12] B. Chance, C. M. Connelly, "A method for the estimation of the increase in concentration of adenosine diphosphate in muscle sarcosomes following a contraction," Nature 179, 1235-1237 (1957).

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[15] J. R. Wilson, D. M. Mancini, K. McCully, N. Ferraro, V. Lanoce, B. Chance, "Noninvasive detection of skeletal muscle underperfusion with near-infrared spectroscopy in patients with heart failure," Circulation 80, 1668-1674 (1989).

[16] K. K. McCully, H. Kakihira, K. Vandenborne, J. Kent-Braun, "Noninvasive measurements of activity-induced changes in muscle metabolism," J. Biomech. 24, 153-161 (1991).

[17] B. Chance, M. T. Dait, C. Zhang, T. Hamaoka, F. Hagerman, "Recovery from exercise-induced desaturation in the quadriceps muscles of elite competitive rowers," Am. J. Physiol. 262, C766-C775 (1992).

[18] B. Chance, G. R. Williams, "Respiratory enzymes in oxidative phosphorylation. I. Kinetics of oxygen utilization," J. Biol. Chem. 217, 409-427 (1955).

[19] B. Chance, G. Hollunger, "The interaction of energy and electron transfer reactions in mitochondria. IV. The pathway of electron transfer," J. Biol. Chem. 236, 1562-1568 (1961).

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[21] R. A. Meyer, "A linear model of muscle respiration explains monoexponential phosphocreatine changes," Am. J. Physiol. 254, C548-C553 (1988).

[22] B. Chance, S. Eleff, J. S. Leigh Jr., "Mitochondrial regulation of phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate ratios in exercising human muscle: A gated 31P NMR study," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78, 6714-6718 (1981).

[23] B. Chance, S. Nioka, J. Kent, K. McCully, M. Fountain, R. Greenfeld, G. Holtom, "Time-resolved spectroscopy of hemoglobin and myoglobin in resting and ischemic muscle," Anal. Biochem. 174, 698-707 (1988).

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[26] T. Hamaoka, T. Katsumura, N. Murase, S. Nishio, T. Osada, T. Sako, H. Higuchi, Y. Kurosawa, T. Shimomitsu, M. Miwa, B. Chance, "Quantification of ischemic muscle deoxygenation by near infrared time-resolved spectroscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 5, 102-105 (2000).

[27] V. Quaresima, S. Homma, K. Azuma, S. Shimizu, F. Chiarotti, M. Ferrari, A. Kagaya, "Calf and shin muscle oxygenation patterns and femoral artery blood flow during dynamic plantar flexion exercise in humans," Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 84, 387-394 (2001).

[28] B. J. Clark, 3rd, M. A. Acker, K. McCully, H. V. Subramanian, R. L. Hammond, S. Salmons, B. Chance, L. W. Stephenson, "In vivo 31P-NMR spectroscopy of chronically stimulated canine skeletal muscle," Am. J. Physiol. 254, C258-C266 (1988).

[29] K. McCully, B. Boden, M. Tuchler, M. Fountain, B. Chance, "The wrist flexor muscles of elite rowers measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy," J. Appl. Physiol. 67, 926-932 (1989).

[30] K. K. McCully, K. Vandenborne, K. De Meirleir, J. Posner, J. S. Leigh Jr., "Muscle metabolism in track athletes, using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy," Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 70, 1353-1359 (1992).

[31] K. K. McCully, R. A. Fielding, W. J. Evans, J. S. Leigh Jr., J. P. Posner, "Relationships between in vivo and in vitro measurements of metabolism in young and old human calf muscles," J. Appl. Physiol. 75, 813-819 (1993).

[32] K. K. McCully, S. Iotti, K. Kendrick, Z. Wang, J. D. Posner, J. Leigh Jr., B. Chance, "Simultaneous in vivo measurements of HbO2 saturation and PCr kinetics after exercise in normal humans," J. Appl. Physiol. 77, 5-10 (1994).

[33] D. M. Mancini, S. D. Katz, C. C. Lang, J. LaManca, A. Hudaihed, A. S. Androne, "Effect of erythropoietin on exercise capacity in patients with moderate to severe chronic heart failure," Circulation 107, 294-299 (2003).

[34] K. K. McCully, C. Halber, J. D. Posner, "Exerciseinduced changes in oxygen saturation in the calf muscles of elderly subjects with peripheral vascular disease," J. Gerontol. 49, B128-B134 (1994).

[35] K. McCully. K. Vandenborne, J. Posner, B. Chance, "Magnetic resonance in physiology and medicine," in MR in Physiology and Medicine, R. Gillies, Ed., (Academic Press, Inc.: San Diego), pp. 405-412 (1994).

[36] S. Ichimura, N. Murase, T. Osada, R. Kime, T. Homma, C. Ueda, T. Nagasawa, M. Motobe, T. Hamaoka, T. Katsumura, "Age and activity status affect muscle reoxygenation time after maximal cycling exercise," Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 38, 1277-1281 (2006).

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[38] T. Hamaoka, H. Iwane, T. Shimomitsu, T. Katsumura, N. Murase, S. Nishio, T. Osada, Y. Kurosawa, B. Chance, "Noninvasive measures of oxidative metabolism on working human muscles by nearinfrared spectroscopy," J. Appl. Physiol. 81, 1410-1417 (1996).

[39] M. Motobe, N. Murase, T. Osada, T. Homma, C. Ueda, T. Nagasawa, A. Kitahara, S. Ichimura, Y. Kurosawa, T. Katsumura, A. Hoshika, T. Hamaoka, "Noninvasive monitoring of deterioration in skeletal muscle function with forearm cast immobilization and the prevention of deterioration," Dyn. Med. 3, 2 (2004).

[40] T. Hamaoka, C. Albani, B. Chance, H. Iwane, "A new method for the evaluation of muscle aerobic capacity in relation to physical activity measured by near infrared spectroscopy," Med. Sport. Sci. 37, 421-429 (1992).

[41] R. Kime, T. Karlsen, S. Nioka, G. Lech, O. Madsen, R. Sffterdal, J. Im, B. Chance, J. Stray-Gundersen, "Discrepancy between cardiorespiratory system and skeletal muscle in elite cyclists after hypoxic training," Dyn. Med. 2, 4 (2003).

[42] Z. Zhang, B. Wang, H. Gong, G. Xu, S. Nioka, B. Chance, "Comparisons of muscle oxygenation changes between arm and leg muscles during incremental rowing exercise with near-infrared spectroscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 15, 017007 (2010).

[43] J. Im, S. Nioka, B. Chance, K. W. Rundell, "Muscle oxygen desaturation is related to whole body VO2 during cross-country ski skating," Int. J. Sports Med. 22, 356-360 (2001).

[44] J. R. Hoffman, J. Im, K. W. Rundell, J. Kang, S. Nioka, B. A. Spiering, R. Kime, B. Chance, "Effect of muscle oxygenation during resistance exercise on anabolic hormone response," Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 35, 1929-1934 (2003).

[45] K. W. Rundell, S. Nioka, B. Chance, "Hemoglobin/ myoglobin desaturation during speed skating," Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29, 248-258 (1997).

[46] Z. Argov, W. J. Bank, J. Maris, S. Eleff, N. G. Kennaway, R. E. Olson, B. Chance, "Treatment of mitochondrial myopathy due to complex III deficiency with vitamins K3 and C: A 31P-NMR follow-up study," Ann. Neurol. 19, 598-602 (1986).

[47] S. Eleff, N. G. Kennaway, N. R. Buist, V. M. Darley- Usmar, R. A. Capaldi, W. J. Bank, B. Chance, "31P NMR study of improvement in oxidative phosphorylation by vitamins K3 and C in a patient with a defect in electron transport at complex III in skeletal muscle," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 3529-3533 (1984).

[48] B. Barbiroli, K. K. McCully, S. Iotti, R. Lodi, P. Zaniol, B. Chance, "Further impairments of muscle phosphate kinetics by lengthening exercise in BMD/ DMD carriers," J. Neurol. Sci. 119, 65-73 (1993).

[49] K. K. McCully, Z. Argov, U. Giger, B. Valentine, B. Cooper, B. Chance, W. Bank, "Canine muscular dystrophy studied with phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy," Muscle Nerve 14, 1091-1098 (1991).

[50] K. K. McCully, Z. Argov, B. P. Boden, R. L. Brown, W. J. Bank, B. Chance, "Detection of muscle injury in humans with 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy," Muscle Nerve 11, 212-216 (1988).

[51] W. Bank, B. Chance, "An oxidative defect in metabolic myopathies: Diagnosis by noninvasive tissue oximetry," Ann. Neurol. 36, 830-837 (1994).

[52] T. Ozawa, K. Sahashi, Y. Nakase, B. Chance, "Extensive tissue oxygenation associated with mitochondrial DNA mutations," Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 213, 432-438 (1995).

[53] D. R. Lynch, G. Lech, J. M. Farmer, L. J. Balcer, W. Bank, B. Chance, R. B. Wilson, "Near infrared muscle spectroscopy in patients with Friedreich's ataxia," Muscle Nerve 25, 664-673 (2002).

[54] B. Grassi, M. Marzorati, F. Lanfranconi, A. Ferri, M. Longaretti, A. Stucchi, P. Vago, C. Marconi, L. Morandi, "Impaired oxygen extraction in metabolic myopathies: Detection and quantification by near-infrared spectroscopy," Muscle Nerve 35, 510-520 (2006).

[55] E. R. Mohler, 3rd, G. Lech, G. E. Supple, H. Wang, B. Chance, "Impaired exercise-induced blood volume in type 2 diabetes with or without peripheral arterial disease measured by continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy," Diabetes Care 29, 1856-1859 (2006).

[56] K. K. McCully, J. Posner, "Measuring exerciseinduced adaptations and injury with magnetic resonance spectroscopy," Int. J. Sports Med. 13(1), S147-S149 (1992).

[57] K. K. McCully, C. Halber, J. D. Posner, "Exerciseinduced changes in oxygen saturation in the calf muscles of elderly subjects with peripheral vascular disease," J. Gerontol. 49, B128-B134 (1994).

[58] S. Matsui, L. Bolinger, H. Li, K. Kendrick, B. Chance, J. R. Wilson, "Assessment of working muscle oxygenation in patients with chronic heart failure," Am. Heart J. 125, 690-695 (1995).

[59] F. Lanfranconi, E. Borrelli, A. Ferri, S. Porcelli, M. Maccherini, M. Chiavarelli, B. Grassi, "Noninvasive evaluation of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism after heart transplant," Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 38, 1374-1383 (2006).

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[61] T. Okamoto, H. Kanazawa, K. Hirata, J. Yoshikawa, "Evaluation of oxygen uptake kinetics and oxygen kinetics of peripheral skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease," Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging 23, 257-262 (2003).

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[63] N. Kawashima, K. Nakazawa, M. Akai, "Muscle oxygenation of the paralyzed lower limb in spinal cord-injured persons," Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37, 915-921 (2005).

[64] J. Olive, G. Dudley, K. McCully, "Vascular remodeling after spinal cord injury," Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35, 901-907 (2003).

[65] M. Scheuermann-Freestone, P. L. Madsen, D. Manners, A. M. Blamire, R. E. Buckingham, P. Styles, G. K. Radda, S. Neubauer, K. Clarke, "Abnormal cardiac and skeletal muscle energy metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes," Circulation 107, 3040-3046 (2003).

[66] K. K. McCully, S. Smith, S. Rajaei, J. S. Leigh Jr., B. H. Natelson, "Muscle metabolism with blood flow restriction in chronic fatigue syndrome," J. Appl. Physiol. 96, 871-878 (2004).