Mode division multiplexing: from photonic integration to optical fiber transmission [Invited]

Jiangbing Du; Weihong Shen; Jiacheng Liu; Yufeng Chen; Xinyi Chen; Zuyuan He

doi:doi:10.3788/COL202119.091301

Chinese Optics Letters, 2021, 19 (9): 091301, Published Online: Aug. 26, 2021

Mode division multiplexing: from photonic integration to optical fiber transmission [Invited] Download： 880次

Jiangbing Du ^*Weihong Shen Jiacheng Liu Yufeng Chen Xinyi Chen Zuyuan He ^**

Author Affiliations

State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1. Historical view of microelectronics development, PIC integration (upper), and ASIC integration (lower).

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Fig. 2. Optical fiber transmission capacity trend with respect to all kinds of enabling technologies.

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Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of MDM optical interface, including vertical coupling with on-chip mode multiplexer (MUX) and edge coupling with 3D asymmetric waveguide. (i)–(iii) Specific progresses of the MDM interface^[35,36,37].

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Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of integrated multimode waveguide bends: (a) the Euler curved bend for four TM modes^[49], (b) the dual-mode bend with MC^[54], (c) the pixelated four-mode bend structure^[51], (d) four-mode bend based on a TIR mirror^[56].

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Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of integrated multimode waveguide crossing: (a) two-mode crossing based on non-adiabatic tapered waveguide^[58], (b) three-mode crossing based on pixelated mode MUX and single-mode crossing array^[60], (c) ultra-compact multimode crossing for two TE modes^[61], (d) meta-material-based dual-mode star-crossing^[62].

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Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of integrated mode MUX/deMUX: (a) 10-channel mode (de)MUX with dual polarizations by adiabatic tapered ADC^[15], (b) asymmetric Y-junction-based mode MUX^[90], (c) MRRs serving as modulators and mode MUXs simultaneously^[79], (d) four-mode MUX based on pixelated waveguides^[86].

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Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of universal (a) MC^[94] and (b) mode exchanger^[98].

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Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of (a), (b) integrated PBS based on mode conversion^[102,103] and (c) mode-transparent PBS based on TIR mirror^[110].

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Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of (a) Si-based MZI modulator with two branches of light propagating in one multimode waveguide^[112], and (b) spatial mode recycling scheme used to reduce the required power consumption^[113].

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Fig. 10. Schematic of (a) mode switch based on two micro-rings^[114] and (b) reconfigurable mode switch based on an MZI structure^[115]. (c) Four-mode thermal switch by geometric-optic inspired multimode 3 dB coupler^[56].

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Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of Si optical phased array based on multi-pass recycling structure by mode multiplexing^[119].

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Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of integrated interconnect system hybrid multiplexed by WDM, MDM, and PDM.

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Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of on-chip switching networks ROADM for multiplexing: (a) on-chip typical multimode optical switching system^[125], (b) on-chip ROADM system for hybrid WDM and MDM^[129].

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Fig. 14. (a) Optimized step-index profiles of different FMFs^[133], (b) core-cladding difference for seven-LP-mode fibers with step-index and depressed-inner-core profiles^[134], (c) refractive index profile of ring-assisted four-mode fiber^[135], (d) refractive index profile of ring-assisted seven-LP-mode fiber with trench structure^[136].

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Fig. 15. (a) Refractive index profile of two-mode graded-index fiber^[137], (b) refractive index profile of nine-mode graded-index fiber with trench-assisted structure^[138], (c) geometry and parameter definitions of the elliptical core fiber^[142].

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Fig. 16. Schematic of a multi-core super-mode fiber^[143].

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Fig. 17. (a) Flow chart of the proposed NN-assisted inverse design method. (b) The inverse design frame of the NN^[145].

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Fig. 18. Schematic diagram of mode MUX based on free-space beam combiner^[148].

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Fig. 19. Directional fiber-coupler-based (a) mode MUX and (b) mode deMUX supporting ${LP}_{01}$ , ${LP}_{11}$ _a, and ${LP}_{11}$ _b modes^[148].

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Fig. 20. LPFBG-based (a) mode MUX and (b) mode deMUX supporting ${LP}_{01}$ and ${LP}_{11}$ _a modes. MC is achieved by LPFBG^[148].

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Fig. 21. Schematic diagram of a photonics lantern^[151].

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Fig. 22. (a) Ring-shaped erbium doping profile^[154]. (b) Refractive index and doping profile (shaded region) of the four-mode EDF^[155]. (c) Overlaps between mode fields and gain media in a small doped area (left) and a large doped area (right)^[156]. (d) Schematic of dual-core fiber with dual-core doping and colored shadings representing erbium doping^[157]. (e) Schematic description of micro-structure^[158].

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Fig. 23. Schematic principle of DRA for mitigating the nonlinear distortion and noise over EDFA^[148].

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Table1. Photonic Integration Platforms

	SOI	SiN	ChG	LN	InP
Index	3.4	2.0	2–3	2.6	3.2
Loss (dB/cm)	0.1	$< 0.01$	0.05	0.027	0.3
Window (µm)	1.1–3.7	0.4–2.4	1.5–12	0.4–5	1.3, 1.5
Lasing	No	No	No	No	Yes
PD	Yes	No	No	No	Yes
Modulation	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Modulation	Extra doping	/	/	Standard process	Standard process
CMOS compatibility	Yes	Yes	No	No	No

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Table2. Cutting-Edge Performance of MDM Interface on SOI

Properties	Vertical Coupling		Edge Coupling
Properties	Ref. [35]	Ref. [36]	Ref. [37]
Mode number	6	4	2
Coupling loss	20–25 dB	4.9–6.1 dB	10.77 dB
Crosstalk	/	$- 6 dB$	−7.3 to −11.9 dB
Bandwidth	$\sim 30 nm$	20 nm	$> 100 nm$
Footprint/length	mm-scale	$622 μm \times 622 μm$	$< 300 μm$

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Table3. Benchmark Performance of MDM Bend

Properties	Euler Bend^[49]	SWG Bend^[50]	Pixelated Bend^[51]
Structure and principle	Waveguide curve optimization	SWG for mode converting	Inverse design of pixelated structure
Mode number	4 TM modes	6 modes with dual polarizations	4 TE modes
Bending radius	45 µm	10 µm	3.9 µm
Loss	$< 0.5 dB$	$< 0.23 dB$	$< 1.8 dB$
Crosstalk	$< - 20 dB$	$< - 26.5 dB$	$< - 17 dB$
Scalability	Yes	Yes	Yes

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Table4. The Summary of Mode MUX/deMUX

Ref.	Year	L (μm)	${IL}_{\max}$ (dB)	${CT}_{\max}$ (dB)	BW (nm)	Channel	Structure	E / S^a
[9]	2012	80	1	$- 40$	50	2 (TE)	MMI + PS	S
[68]	2014	48.8	0.3	$- 22$	100	2 (TE)	Symmetric Y junction + PS + MMI	S
[69]	2020	7.24	0.74–1.2	$- 15$	50	2 (TE)	Shallow-etched MMI	E
[70]	2013	50	0.3	$- 16$	100	2 (TE)	Adiabatic tapered ADC	E
[72]	2016	68	0.8–1.3	$- 26$	65	2 (TE)	Taper-etched ADC	E
[15]	2018	15–50	0.2–1.8	−15 to −25	90	10 (PM)	Adiabatic tapered ADC	E
[71]	2019	75	1.5	/	75	12 (TE)	Adiabatic ADC using SWG	E
[73]	2013	$\sim 1000$	1.5	$- 9$	100	2 (TE)	Asymmetric Y junction	E
[74]	2016	510	5.7	−9.7 to −31.5	29	3 (TE)	Cascaded asymmetric Y junction	E
[12]	2013	300	0.3	$- 36$	100	2 (TE)	Adiabatic coupler	E
[75]	2016	200	1	$- 20$	75	2 (TE)	Adiabatic coupler + Y junction	E
[76]	2017	180	1.5	$- 19$	90	2 (TE)	Adiabatic coupler + Y junction	E
[77]	2014	25	3–16	−12 to −22	/	3 (TE)	Micro-ring	E
[78]	2015	100	1.5–3.5	−20 to −32	/	3 (TE)	Micro-ring	E
[79]	2019	40	2.1	$- 19.7$	/	4 (TE)	Micro-ring	E
[81]	2013	90–250	0.2–0.34	−22 to −30	3.7–11.8	4 (TE)	Grating-assisted contra-DC	S
[82]	2015	/	/	$- 22$	/	2 (TE)	Grating-assisted tapered contra-DC	E
[83]	2020	300	6.6	$- 18.7$	$\sim 4$	4 (PM)	SWG-based contra-DC	E
[84]	2016	$2.6 \times 4.2$	1.2	$- 12$	100	2 (TE)	Topology optimized structure	E
[85]	2018	$3.6 \times 4.8$	1.2–2.5	$- 19$	60	3 (TE)	Pixelated structure	E
[86]	2020	$5.4 \times 6$	1.5	$- 14.6$	60	4 (TE)	Pixelated structure	E
[87]	2018	$\sim 1000$	4	$- 13.7$	40	2 (TE)	Triple waveguide coupler	E
[88]	2018	7.5	0.32	$- 15$	35	2 (TM)	Triple waveguide coupler with hybrid plasmonic waveguide	S

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Jiangbing Du, Weihong Shen, Jiacheng Liu, Yufeng Chen, Xinyi Chen, Zuyuan He. Mode division multiplexing: from photonic integration to optical fiber transmission [Invited][J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2021, 19(9): 091301.

Mode division multiplexing: from photonic integration to optical fiber transmission [Invited] Download： 880次

Fig. 1. Historical view of microelectronics development, PIC integration (upper), and ASIC integration (lower).

Fig. 2. Optical fiber transmission capacity trend with respect to all kinds of enabling technologies.

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of MDM optical interface, including vertical coupling with on-chip mode multiplexer (MUX) and edge coupling with 3D asymmetric waveguide. (i)–(iii) Specific progresses of the MDM interface^[35,36,37].

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of integrated multimode waveguide bends: (a) the Euler curved bend for four TM modes^[49], (b) the dual-mode bend with MC^[54], (c) the pixelated four-mode bend structure^[51], (d) four-mode bend based on a TIR mirror^[56].

Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of universal (a) MC^[94] and (b) mode exchanger^[98].

Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of (a), (b) integrated PBS based on mode conversion^[102,103] and (c) mode-transparent PBS based on TIR mirror^[110].

Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of (a) Si-based MZI modulator with two branches of light propagating in one multimode waveguide^[112], and (b) spatial mode recycling scheme used to reduce the required power consumption^[113].

Fig. 10. Schematic of (a) mode switch based on two micro-rings^[114] and (b) reconfigurable mode switch based on an MZI structure^[115]. (c) Four-mode thermal switch by geometric-optic inspired multimode 3 dB coupler^[56].

Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of Si optical phased array based on multi-pass recycling structure by mode multiplexing^[119].

Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of integrated interconnect system hybrid multiplexed by WDM, MDM, and PDM.

Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of on-chip switching networks ROADM for multiplexing: (a) on-chip typical multimode optical switching system^[125], (b) on-chip ROADM system for hybrid WDM and MDM^[129].

Fig. 15. (a) Refractive index profile of two-mode graded-index fiber^[137], (b) refractive index profile of nine-mode graded-index fiber with trench-assisted structure^[138], (c) geometry and parameter definitions of the elliptical core fiber^[142].

Fig. 16. Schematic of a multi-core super-mode fiber^[143].

Fig. 17. (a) Flow chart of the proposed NN-assisted inverse design method. (b) The inverse design frame of the NN^[145].

Fig. 18. Schematic diagram of mode MUX based on free-space beam combiner^[148].

Fig. 19. Directional fiber-coupler-based (a) mode MUX and (b) mode deMUX supporting ${LP}_{01}$ , ${LP}_{11}$ _a, and ${LP}_{11}$ _b modes^[148].

Fig. 20. LPFBG-based (a) mode MUX and (b) mode deMUX supporting ${LP}_{01}$ and ${LP}_{11}$ _a modes. MC is achieved by LPFBG^[148].

Fig. 21. Schematic diagram of a photonics lantern^[151].

Fig. 23. Schematic principle of DRA for mitigating the nonlinear distortion and noise over EDFA^[148].

Fig. 24. Quasi-lossless transmission with bidirectional high-order pump^[166].

Fig. 25. Inverse design based on NN for FM-DRA^[170].

Fig. 26. Recent-year MDM experiments and progresses.

Table1. Photonic Integration Platforms

Table2. Cutting-Edge Performance of MDM Interface on SOI

Table3. Benchmark Performance of MDM Bend

Table4. The Summary of Mode MUX/deMUX

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Mode division multiplexing: from photonic integration to optical fiber transmission [Invited] Download： 880次

Fig. 1. Historical view of microelectronics development, PIC integration (upper), and ASIC integration (lower).

Fig. 2. Optical fiber transmission capacity trend with respect to all kinds of enabling technologies.

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of MDM optical interface, including vertical coupling with on-chip mode multiplexer (MUX) and edge coupling with 3D asymmetric waveguide. (i)–(iii) Specific progresses of the MDM interface[35,36,37].

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of integrated multimode waveguide bends: (a) the Euler curved bend for four TM modes[49], (b) the dual-mode bend with MC[54], (c) the pixelated four-mode bend structure[51], (d) four-mode bend based on a TIR mirror[56].

Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of universal (a) MC[94] and (b) mode exchanger[98].

Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of (a), (b) integrated PBS based on mode conversion[102,103] and (c) mode-transparent PBS based on TIR mirror[110].

Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of (a) Si-based MZI modulator with two branches of light propagating in one multimode waveguide[112], and (b) spatial mode recycling scheme used to reduce the required power consumption[113].

Fig. 10. Schematic of (a) mode switch based on two micro-rings[114] and (b) reconfigurable mode switch based on an MZI structure[115]. (c) Four-mode thermal switch by geometric-optic inspired multimode 3 dB coupler[56].

Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of Si optical phased array based on multi-pass recycling structure by mode multiplexing[119].

Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of integrated interconnect system hybrid multiplexed by WDM, MDM, and PDM.

Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of on-chip switching networks ROADM for multiplexing: (a) on-chip typical multimode optical switching system[125], (b) on-chip ROADM system for hybrid WDM and MDM[129].

Fig. 15. (a) Refractive index profile of two-mode graded-index fiber[137], (b) refractive index profile of nine-mode graded-index fiber with trench-assisted structure[138], (c) geometry and parameter definitions of the elliptical core fiber[142].

Fig. 16. Schematic of a multi-core super-mode fiber[143].

Fig. 17. (a) Flow chart of the proposed NN-assisted inverse design method. (b) The inverse design frame of the NN[145].

Fig. 18. Schematic diagram of mode MUX based on free-space beam combiner[148].

Fig. 19. Directional fiber-coupler-based (a) mode MUX and (b) mode deMUX supporting LP01, LP11a, and LP11b modes[148].

Fig. 20. LPFBG-based (a) mode MUX and (b) mode deMUX supporting LP01 and LP11a modes. MC is achieved by LPFBG[148].

Fig. 21. Schematic diagram of a photonics lantern[151].

Fig. 23. Schematic principle of DRA for mitigating the nonlinear distortion and noise over EDFA[148].

Fig. 24. Quasi-lossless transmission with bidirectional high-order pump[166].

Fig. 25. Inverse design based on NN for FM-DRA[170].

Fig. 26. Recent-year MDM experiments and progresses.

Table1. Photonic Integration Platforms

Table2. Cutting-Edge Performance of MDM Interface on SOI

Table3. Benchmark Performance of MDM Bend

Table4. The Summary of Mode MUX/deMUX

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Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of MDM optical interface, including vertical coupling with on-chip mode multiplexer (MUX) and edge coupling with 3D asymmetric waveguide. (i)–(iii) Specific progresses of the MDM interface^[35,36,37].

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of integrated multimode waveguide bends: (a) the Euler curved bend for four TM modes^[49], (b) the dual-mode bend with MC^[54], (c) the pixelated four-mode bend structure^[51], (d) four-mode bend based on a TIR mirror^[56].

Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of universal (a) MC^[94] and (b) mode exchanger^[98].

Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of (a), (b) integrated PBS based on mode conversion^[102,103] and (c) mode-transparent PBS based on TIR mirror^[110].

Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of (a) Si-based MZI modulator with two branches of light propagating in one multimode waveguide^[112], and (b) spatial mode recycling scheme used to reduce the required power consumption^[113].

Fig. 10. Schematic of (a) mode switch based on two micro-rings^[114] and (b) reconfigurable mode switch based on an MZI structure^[115]. (c) Four-mode thermal switch by geometric-optic inspired multimode 3 dB coupler^[56].

Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of Si optical phased array based on multi-pass recycling structure by mode multiplexing^[119].

Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of on-chip switching networks ROADM for multiplexing: (a) on-chip typical multimode optical switching system^[125], (b) on-chip ROADM system for hybrid WDM and MDM^[129].

Fig. 15. (a) Refractive index profile of two-mode graded-index fiber^[137], (b) refractive index profile of nine-mode graded-index fiber with trench-assisted structure^[138], (c) geometry and parameter definitions of the elliptical core fiber^[142].

Fig. 16. Schematic of a multi-core super-mode fiber^[143].

Fig. 17. (a) Flow chart of the proposed NN-assisted inverse design method. (b) The inverse design frame of the NN^[145].

Fig. 18. Schematic diagram of mode MUX based on free-space beam combiner^[148].

Fig. 19. Directional fiber-coupler-based (a) mode MUX and (b) mode deMUX supporting ${LP}_{01}$ , ${LP}_{11}$ _a, and ${LP}_{11}$ _b modes^[148].

Fig. 20. LPFBG-based (a) mode MUX and (b) mode deMUX supporting ${LP}_{01}$ and ${LP}_{11}$ _a modes. MC is achieved by LPFBG^[148].

Fig. 21. Schematic diagram of a photonics lantern^[151].

Fig. 23. Schematic principle of DRA for mitigating the nonlinear distortion and noise over EDFA^[148].

Fig. 24. Quasi-lossless transmission with bidirectional high-order pump^[166].

Fig. 25. Inverse design based on NN for FM-DRA^[170].