Generation of polarization and phase singular beams in fibers and fiber lasers

Dong Mao; Yang Zheng; Chao Zeng; Hua Lu; Cong Wang; Han Zhang; Wending Zhang; Ting Mei; Jianlin Zhao

doi:doi:10.1117/1.AP.3.1.014002

Advanced Photonics, 2021, 3 (1): 014002, Published Online: Jan. 8, 2021

Generation of polarization and phase singular beams in fibers and fiber lasers Download： 1078次

Dong Mao ¹Yang Zheng ¹Chao Zeng ¹Hua Lu ¹Cong Wang ²Han Zhang ²Wending Zhang ^1,*Ting Mei ¹Jianlin Zhao ¹

Author Affiliations

¹ Northwestern Polytechnical University, School of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, Xi’an, China

² Shenzhen University, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, China

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1. Polarization distribution of (a) natural, unpolarized light, (b) linearly polarized beam, (c) RPB, (d) APB, and (e) hybridly polarized beam.

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Fig. 2. Phase evolution of (a) VB, (b) plane wave, and (c) spherical wave.

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Fig. 3. Mode distributions of TMF under (a) scalar approximation and (b) corresponding groups of the vector modes. Adapted with permission from Ref. 80 © OSA Publishing.

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Fig. 4. (a) Flow diagram and (b) experimental setup for generating CVBs based on an acoustically induced LPFG. SMF, single-mode fiber; EDFA, erbium-doped fiber amplifier; PC, polarization controller; TMF, two-mode fiber; MS, mode stripper; MO, micro-objective; GT, Glan–Taylor prism polarizer; CCD, charge coupled device. (c) Intensity patterns of (c₁), (c₃), (c₅) RPB and (c₂), (c₄), (c₆) APB at (c₁), (c₂) 633 nm, (c₃), (c₄) 532 nm, and (c₅), (c₆) 1550 nm before and after passing a polarizer. Adapted with permission from Ref. 80 © OSA Publishing.

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Fig. 5. Mode-selective coupler based on tapered SMF and TMF.

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Fig. 6. (a) Configuration of the all-TMF laser for ${LP}_{11}$ mode oscillation. TM-EDF, two-mode erbium-doped fiber; PC, polarization controller; OSA, optical spectrum analyzer; CCD, charge coupled device; MSC, mode-selective coupler; WDM, wavelength division multiplexer. (b) Spectrum of the TMF laser; the inset shows the near-field pattern of the generated ${LP}_{11}$ mode. (c) The relationship between the pump and output powers. Adapted with permission from Ref. 101 © OSA Publishing.

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Fig. 7. (a) Diagram of the offset-spliced SMF and TMF. Calculated coupling efficiency of the fundamental mode to (b) ${TM}_{01}$ mode and (c) ${TE}_{01}$ mode versus mismatch distances $Δ R$ . The polarization of the fundamental mode is (b) parallel and (c) perpendicular to the mismatch direction $y$ , respectively. The insets show the calculated normalized intensities and polarization distributions of the ${TM}_{01}$ and ${TE}_{01}$ modes, respectively. (d) Measured images of the SMF and TMF before and after splicing. Adapted with permission from Ref. 105 © AIP Publishing.

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Fig. 8. (a) Reflection spectrum of TMFBG and SMFBG. (b) Intensity distribution of radially polarized laser beam before and after passing through a linear polarizer with the transmission axis orientation denoted by arrows. Adapted with permission from Ref. 108 © OSA Publishing.

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Fig. 9. Q-switched and mode-locked cylindrical vector beam lasers. Mode-locked (a) RPB and (b) APB before and after passing through a polarizer. (c) Optical spectra and (d) pulse trains of Q-switched and mode-locked cylindrical vector beam lasers. (e) Evolution of Q-switched cylindrical vector beam lasers. (f) Autocorrelation traces of mode-locked cylindrical vector beam lasers. Adapted with permission from Ref. 105 © AIP Publishing.

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Fig. 10. Formation mechanism of VBs in TMF. (a₁)–(a₄) mode distribution of ${TM}_{01}$ , ${HE}_{21}^{even}$ , ${HE}_{21}^{odd}$ , and ${TE}_{01}$ modes. Mode distribution, phase, and polarization of (b₁)–(b₃), (c₁)–(c₃) circularly polarized VBs and (d₁)–(e₃), (e₁)–(e₃) linearly polarized VBs.

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Fig. 11. Generation of VBs based on an acoustically-induced LPFG. (a) Experiment setup. EDFA, erbium-doped fiber amplifier; SMF, single-mode fiber; PC, polarization controller; MS, mode stripper; TMF, two-mode fiber; MO, micro-objective; NPBS, nonpolarizing beam splitter; CCD, charge coupled device. (b) VBs and coaxial interference patterns at wavelengths of 1540, 1545, 1550, 1555, and 1560 nm. Adapted with permission from Ref. 118 © OSA Publishing.

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Fig. 12. (a) Principle of the VB converter based on a mechanical LPFG. Intensity profiles of (b₁) $- 1$ -order and (b₃) $+ 1$ -order VB. Coaxial interference patterns of (b₂) $- 1$ -order and (b₄) $+ 1$ -order VB with a Gaussian beam. Adapted with permission from Ref. 120 © OSA Publishing.

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Fig. 13. (a) Mode coupling and output elements are the LPFG and fiber mirror, SMF-TMF taper and TMFBG, and LPFG and TMFBG for schemes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. (b) Intensity distributions and interference patterns, (c) optical spectra, and (d) autocorrelation traces of mode-locked vortex lasers. $l$ , topological charge. Adapted with permission from Ref. 130 © AIP Publishing.

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Table1. Generation systems and performances of CVBs using different schemes.


Coupling device	Output device	Wavelength (nm)	Mode purity	Output power (mW)	Pulse duration	Generation system	Supplementary information	Ref.
LPFG	TMF	1450/1620	99.8%	/	/	Ring-shaped fiber	Microbend grating, period: $800 μ m$ ; insertion loss: 0.05%	117
LPFG	TMF	1550/633/532	99.9%	2.4	/	TMF	Acoustically induced LPFG	80
LPFG	TMF	1529.1 to 1563.1	99%	/	/	TMF	${CO}_{2}$ -laser written LPFG	85
LPFG	TMFBG	1548.6	98%	72	/	Linear cavity fiber laser	${CO}_{2}$ -laser written LPFG	89
Mode-selective coupler	TMF	1556.3	94%	3.5	17 ns	Figure-8 fiber laser	Insertion loss 0.65 dB	97
Mode-selective coupler	TMF	1560	95%	4	1.78 ps	Seeded ring fiber laser	/	101
Mode-selective coupler	TMF	1532.5 and 1555.5	97%	0.6	0.5/0.59 ps	Ring fiber laser	Insertion loss 0.65 dB	98
Symmetric TMF coupler	TMF	1564.4	91%	1	2.552 ps	Ring fiber laser	/	99
Offset-spliced fiber	TMF	632.8	Low	/	/	TMF	/	104
Offset-spliced fiber	TMFBG	1053	94%	3.2	/	Linear-cavity fiber laser	Continuous wave	106
Offset-spliced fiber	TMFBG	1550	/	4.66	958 ns	Ring fiber laser	Q-switched pulse	107
Offset-spliced fiber	TMFBG	1550.5	/	/	6.87 ps	Ring fiber laser	Mode-locked pulse, insertion loss: 3 dB	105
Offset-spliced fiber	TMFBG	1056.3	96%	2.5	2.8 to 23 ns	Figure-8 fiber laser	Rectangular pulse	108
Tapered fiber	TMFBG	1548.9	/	12 to 18	5.2 to 39.2 ps	Ring fiber laser	Mode-locked pulse, insertion loss: 0.36 dB	115

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Table2. Generation systems and performances of VBs based on different schemes.


Coupling device	Output element	Wavelength (nm)	Mode purity	Output power (mW)	Pulse duration	Generation system	Supplementary information	Ref.
LPFG	TMF	1520 to 1570	$\sim 100 %$	/	/	TMF	Acoustically induced LPFG	84
LPFG	TMF	1530 to 1625	97%	/	/	TMF	Mechanically induced LPFG	120
LPFG	TMF	1527	97%	/	/	Ring-shaped fiber	Mechanically induced LPFG	82
LPFG	TMF	1540 to 1560	95%	/	/	TMF	Acoustically induced LPFG	118
LPFG	LPFG	1560	95%	/	0.384 ps	TMF	Acoustically induced LPFG	55
LPFG	TMF	1548.6/1548.9	/	34.77/35.28	6.96/6.01 ps	Fiber ring laser	Mechanically induced LPFG	130
LPFG	Fiber mirror	1547.4/1547.5	/	8.9/6.99	0.90 to 5.28/0.84 to 5.28 ps	Fiber ring laser	Mechanically induced LPFG	130
Helical LPFG	Helical LPFG	1550	$\sim 100 %$	/	/	TMF	/	121
Helical LPFG	Helical LPFG	1550	90%	/	/	Four-mode fiber	Helical LPFG inscribed by ${CO}_{2}$ laser	125
Mode-selective coupler	FMF	1547.4	/	5.5	${OAM}_{\pm 1}$ 273 fs; ${OAM}_{\pm 2}$ 140 fs	Fiber ring laser	/	100
Mode-selective coupler	TMF	1550	90%	/	/	TMF	/	127
Tapered fiber	TMFBG	1547.4/1547.5	/	32.9/35.89	6.47/6.38 ps	Fiber ring laser	/	130
Vortex grating	TMF	/	95%	/	/	TMF	Vortex grating on fiber facet	133

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Dong Mao, Yang Zheng, Chao Zeng, Hua Lu, Cong Wang, Han Zhang, Wending Zhang, Ting Mei, Jianlin Zhao. Generation of polarization and phase singular beams in fibers and fiber lasers[J]. Advanced Photonics, 2021, 3(1): 014002.

Generation of polarization and phase singular beams in fibers and fiber lasers Download： 1078次

Fig. 1. Polarization distribution of (a) natural, unpolarized light, (b) linearly polarized beam, (c) RPB, (d) APB, and (e) hybridly polarized beam.

Fig. 2. Phase evolution of (a) VB, (b) plane wave, and (c) spherical wave.

Fig. 3. Mode distributions of TMF under (a) scalar approximation and (b) corresponding groups of the vector modes. Adapted with permission from Ref. 80 © OSA Publishing.

Fig. 5. Mode-selective coupler based on tapered SMF and TMF.

Fig. 8. (a) Reflection spectrum of TMFBG and SMFBG. (b) Intensity distribution of radially polarized laser beam before and after passing through a linear polarizer with the transmission axis orientation denoted by arrows. Adapted with permission from Ref. 108 © OSA Publishing.

Fig. 12. (a) Principle of the VB converter based on a mechanical LPFG. Intensity profiles of (b₁) $- 1$ -order and (b₃) $+ 1$ -order VB. Coaxial interference patterns of (b₂) $- 1$ -order and (b₄) $+ 1$ -order VB with a Gaussian beam. Adapted with permission from Ref. 120 © OSA Publishing.

Table1. Generation systems and performances of CVBs using different schemes.

Table2. Generation systems and performances of VBs based on different schemes.

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Generation of polarization and phase singular beams in fibers and fiber lasers Download： 1078次

Fig. 1. Polarization distribution of (a) natural, unpolarized light, (b) linearly polarized beam, (c) RPB, (d) APB, and (e) hybridly polarized beam.

Fig. 2. Phase evolution of (a) VB, (b) plane wave, and (c) spherical wave.

Fig. 3. Mode distributions of TMF under (a) scalar approximation and (b) corresponding groups of the vector modes. Adapted with permission from Ref. 80 © OSA Publishing.

Fig. 5. Mode-selective coupler based on tapered SMF and TMF.

Fig. 8. (a) Reflection spectrum of TMFBG and SMFBG. (b) Intensity distribution of radially polarized laser beam before and after passing through a linear polarizer with the transmission axis orientation denoted by arrows. Adapted with permission from Ref. 108 © OSA Publishing.

Fig. 10. Formation mechanism of VBs in TMF. (a1)–(a4) mode distribution of TM01, HE21even, HE21odd, and TE01 modes. Mode distribution, phase, and polarization of (b1)–(b3), (c1)–(c3) circularly polarized VBs and (d1)–(e3), (e1)–(e3) linearly polarized VBs.

Fig. 12. (a) Principle of the VB converter based on a mechanical LPFG. Intensity profiles of (b1) −1-order and (b3) +1-order VB. Coaxial interference patterns of (b2) −1-order and (b4) +1-order VB with a Gaussian beam. Adapted with permission from Ref. 120 © OSA Publishing.

Table1. Generation systems and performances of CVBs using different schemes.

Table2. Generation systems and performances of VBs based on different schemes.

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Fig. 12. (a) Principle of the VB converter based on a mechanical LPFG. Intensity profiles of (b₁) $- 1$ -order and (b₃) $+ 1$ -order VB. Coaxial interference patterns of (b₂) $- 1$ -order and (b₄) $+ 1$ -order VB with a Gaussian beam. Adapted with permission from Ref. 120 © OSA Publishing.