激光诱导击穿光谱表征熔覆层缺陷程度 
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Characterization of Cladding Defects via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
1 福建工程学院机械与汽车工程学院数字福建工业制造物联网实验室, 福建 福州 350118
2 中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所安徽省光子器件与材料重点实验室, 安徽 合肥230031
3 华侨大学机电及自动化学院, 福建 厦门 361021
图 & 表
图 1. 激光熔覆样件。(a) 100%Ni35; (b) 97%Ni35+3%TiC; (c) 94%Ni35+6%TiC; (d) 91%Ni35+9%TiC; (e) 88%Ni35+12%TiC
Fig. 1. Laser cladding samples. (a) 100%Ni35; (b) 97%Ni35+3%TiC; (c) 94%Ni35+6%TiC;(d) 91%Ni35+9%TiC; (e) 88%Ni35+12%TiC
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图 2. 机械加工处理后的样件。 (a) 100%Ni35; (b) 97%Ni35+3%TiC;(c) 94%Ni35+6%TiC; (d) 91%Ni35+9%TiC; (e) 88%Ni35+12%TiC
Fig. 2. Samples after machining. (a) 100%Ni35; (b) 97%Ni35+3%TiC; (c) 94%Ni35+6%TiC;(d) 91%Ni35+9%TiC; (e) 88%Ni35+12%TiC
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图 3. 实验装置示意图
Fig. 3. Schematic of the experimental device
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图 4. 熔覆层典型缺陷示意图。(a)气泡;(b)粉末团聚未溶解;(c)裂纹;(d)裂纹、粉末未溶解、气泡
Fig. 4. Schematics of typical defects of the cladding layer. (a) Bubble; (b) powder agglomeration undissolved; (c) crack; (d) crack, powder agglomeration undissolved, bubble
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图 5. FeⅠ 297.109 nm元素信号强度二维强度等高线图。(a) 100%Ni35; (b) 97%Ni35+3%TiC; (c) 94%Ni35+6%TiC; (d) 91%Ni35+9%TiC; (e) 88%Ni35+12%TiC
Fig. 5. Two-dimensional intensity contour map of FeⅠ 297.109 nm signal intensity. (a) 100%Ni35; (b) 97%Ni35+3%TiC; (c) 94%Ni35+6%TiC; (d) 91%Ni35+9%TiC; (e) 88%Ni35+12%TiC
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图 6. 样品采样点FeⅠ 297.109 nm的激发信号强度图。(a) 100%Ni35; (b) 97%Ni35+3%TiC; (c) 94%Ni35+6%TiC; (d) 91%Ni35+9%TiC; (e) 88%Ni35+12%TiC
Fig. 6. Intensity diagrams of excitation signal of FeⅠ 297.109 nm at the sampling points. (a) 100%Ni35; (b) 97%Ni35+3%TiC; (c) 94%Ni35+6%TiC; (d) 91%Ni35+9%TiC; (e) 88%Ni35+12%TiC
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图 7. Ni I 301.200 nm元素信号强度二维分布图。(a) 100%Ni35; (b) 97%Ni35+3%TiC; (c) 94%Ni35+6%TiC; (d) 91%Ni35+9%TiC; (e) 88%Ni35+12%TiC
Fig. 7. Two-dimensional distribution of signal intensity of Ni I 301.200 nm. (a) 100%Ni35; (b) 97%Ni35+3%TiC;(c) 94%Ni35+6%TiC; (d) 91%Ni35+9%TiC; (e) 88%Ni35+12%TiC
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图 8. Ni I 301.200 nm激发点顺序强度图。(a) 100%Ni35; (b) 97%Ni35+3%TiC; (c) 94%Ni35+6%TiC; (d) 91%Ni35+9%TiC; (e) 88%Ni35+12%TiC
Fig. 8. Firing point sequence intensity maps of Ni I 301.200 nm. (a) 100%Ni35; (b) 97%Ni35+3%TiC; (c) 94%Ni35+6%TiC; (d) 91%Ni35+9%TiC; (e) 88%Ni35+12%TiC
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表 1Ni35合金粉末元素成分和含量
Table1. Elemental composition and content of Ni35 alloy powder
| Element | Ni | C | Si | B | Cr | Fe |
|---|
| Mass fraction /% | Bal | 0.3 | 3 | 2.2 | 10 | ≤5 |
|
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表 2TiC粉末元素成分和含量
Table2. Element composition and content of TiC powder
| Element | TiC | C | Free C | O | Si | Na | Al |
|---|
| Mass fraction /% | ≥99.5 | 19.2 | ≤0.2 | ≤0.45 | ≤0.08 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.015 |
|
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表 345钢板元素成分和含量
Table3. Element composition and content of 45 steel plate
| Element | C | Si | Mn | P | S |
|---|
| Mass fraction /% | 0.42--0.5 | 0.17--0.37 | 0.5--0.8 | ≤0.035 | ≤0.035 |
|
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表 4熔覆工艺参数
Table4. Cladding process parameters
| Laserpower /W | Carrier gasvolume /min | Turntable speed /(r·min-1) | Defocusamount /mm | Protectivegas | Scanning speed /(mm·s-1) | Laprate /% |
|---|
| 1300 | 6 | 30 | 16 | Ar | 5 | 30 |
|
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表 5熔覆层硬度测试结果
Table5. Hardness test results of cladding layers
| Sample | Average /HRC | Standarddeviation | Variance |
|---|
| Substrate | 14.9 | 0.071 | 0.005 | | 1 | 45.8 | 1.581 | 2.500 | | 2 | 47.8 | 1.297 | 1.682 | | 3 | 42.6 | 2.380 | 5.663 | | 4 | 45.5 | 2.753 | 7.582 | | 5 | 43.8 | 2.623 | 6.882 |
|
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表 6样品Fe元素的偏离正态系数
Table6. Deviation from normal coefficient of Fe element in sample
| Sample | Total N | Mean | Standard deviation | Median | Deviation from normal coefficient |
|---|
| 1 | 288 | 849.90781 | 132.2934049 | 851.283 | -0.031173663 | | 2 | 288 | 811.69767 | 169.9823797 | 812.896 | -0.021146368 | | 3 | 288 | 670.47218 | 108.9253181 | 669.245 | 0.033798754 | | 4 | 288 | 705.26485 | 208.5320680 | 729.335 | -0.346279835 | | 5 | 216 | 629.20878 | 192.9595641 | 630.165 | -0.014866638 |
|
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表 7样品Ni元素的偏离正态系数
Table7. Deviation from normal coefficient of Ni element in samples
| Sample | Total N | Mean | Standard deviation | Median | Deviation from normal coefficient |
|---|
| 1 | 288 | 1196.64405 | 192.9039379 | 1192.295 | 0.067635478 | | 2 | 288 | 1210.15475 | 248.5504737 | 1185.92917 | 0.29240234 | | 3 | 288 | 973.64481 | 163.7741662 | 967.3375 | 0.11553672 | | 4 | 288 | 1112.75152 | 315.9001277 | 1129.24333 | -0.156617316 |
|
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雷鹏达, 付洪波, 易定容, 杨金伟, 孔令华. 激光诱导击穿光谱表征熔覆层缺陷程度[J]. 中国激光, 2020, 47(4): 0411001. Lei Pengda, Fu Hongbo, Yi Dingrong, Yang Jinwei, Kong Linghua. Characterization of Cladding Defects via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2020, 47(4): 0411001.
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