激光与光电子学进展, 2019, 56 (17): 170612, 网络出版: 2019-09-05
多芯光纤特性及其传感应用 
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Multi-Core Fiber Characteristics and Its Sensing Applications
图 & 表
图 1. 弯曲引起的多芯光纤各纤芯折射率变化的示意图
Fig. 1. Schematic of refractive index change of each core of multi-core fiber caused by bending
图 2. 采用沟槽折射率剖面抑制芯间串扰制备的光纤示意图[50-53]。(a)低折射率围裹纤芯型多芯光纤的单个纤芯的折射率分布;(b)图(a)对应的7芯光纤的端面结构示意图;(c)低折射率沟槽墙隔离的6芯光纤端面结构示意图;(d)对应于图(b)的超低串扰7芯光纤端面显微图
Fig. 2. Schematic of fiber prepared by suppressing inter-core crosstalk using groove refractive index profile[50-53]. (a) Refractive index distribution of single core of multi-core fiber encircled by low refractive index; (b) schematic of cross-section structure of 7-core fiber with core refractive index showed in Fig. 2(a); (c) schematic of cross-section structure of 6-core fiber isolated by groove wall with low refractive index; (d) micrograph of cross section of ultra-low crosstalk 7-core fiber corre
图 3. 采用围孔串扰辅助隔离阻挡方法制备的光纤示意图[54-55]。(a)空气孔围裹纤芯型多芯光纤的单个纤芯的折射率分布;(b)图(a)对应的7芯光纤的端面结构示意图;(c)具有空气孔阻挡墙的6芯光纤端面结构示意图;(d)对应于图(c)的超低串扰6芯光纤端面显微图
Fig. 3. Fiber prepared by circumferential assisted crosstalk suppression method[54-55]. (a) Refractive index distribution of single core of multi-core fiber encircled by air holes; (b) schematic of cross-section structure of 7-core fiber corresponding to Fig. 3(a); (c) schematic of cross-section structure of 6-core fiber isolated by air holes wall; (d) micrograph of cross section of ultra-low crosstalk 6-core fiber corresponding to Fig. 3(c)
图 4. 采用异质纤芯传输常数失配的串扰抑制法制备的光纤示意图[23]。(a) 7芯光纤;(b) 19芯光纤
Fig. 4. Fiber prepared by crosstalk suppression method with mismatched transfer constant of heterogeneous fiber core[23]. (a) 7-core fiber; (b) 19-core fiber
图 5. 具有19个纤芯的多芯光纤[57]。(a) 横截面;(b) 沟槽折射率剖面
Fig. 5. Multi-core fiber with 19 cores[57]. (a) Cross section; (b) groove refractive index profile
图 6. 具有32个纤芯的多芯光纤[58]。(a) 32芯信号传输光纤;(b) 32芯铒钇共掺光纤
Fig. 6. Multi-core fiber with 32 cores[58]. (a) 32-core signal transmission fiber; (b) 32-core Er/Yb-doped fiber
图 7. 弯曲光纤的折射率变化。(a)直的石英光纤折射率剖面分布;(b)弯曲石英光纤等效折射率剖面分布
Fig. 7. Change of refractive index caused by bending of multi-core fiber. (a) Refractive index distribution of straight silica optical fiber; (b) effective refractive index distribution of bent silica optical fiber
图 8. 低折射率沟槽包层围裹技术。(a)多芯光纤的每个纤芯的折射率剖面;(b)带有沟槽结构的七芯光纤端面显微图;(c)单个纤芯放大图
Fig. 8. Low refractive index groove cladding technology. (a) Refractive index profile for each core of multi-core fiber; (b) micrograph of cross section of 7-core fiber with groove refractive index; (c) enlarged micrograph of single core
图 9. 多芯光纤位于不同方位纤芯的剖面折射率n(r,θ)[54]
Fig. 9. Refractive index profiles n(r,θ) of cores located at different positions in multi-core fiber[54]
图 10. 多芯光纤芯间串扰与弯曲半径的关系曲线
Fig. 10. Crosstalk between fiber cores as a function of bending radius in multi-core fiber
图 11. 几种主要的多芯光纤通道分束器。(a)空间透镜组合型多芯光纤分束器;(b)3D波导型多芯光纤分束器;(c)消逝芯拉锥型多芯光纤分束器
Fig. 11. Several splitters with multi-core fiber. (a) Space-lens-composite multi-core fiber splitter; (b) 3D waveguide multi-core fiber splitter; (c) fused tapered multi-core fiber splitter
图 12. 7芯光纤多通道分束的扇入/扇出系统。(a)系统示意图;(b)分束器端面图;(c)多芯光纤的端面图
Fig. 12. Fan-in/fan-out system for 7-core fiber based multichannel beam splitting. (a) Schematic of system; (b) cross section of splitter; (c) cross section of multi-core fiber
图 13. 基于石英毛细管密集堆栈的多芯光纤分束方案。(a)含有蚀刻过的单芯光纤的石英毛细管;(b)堆栈式7芯光纤分束器横截面图
Fig. 13. Multi-core fiber splitting scheme based on quartz capillary stack. (a) Quartz capillary with etched single-core fibers; (b) cross-sectional view of stacked 7-core fibers
图 14. 典型的锥体光纤的形变及纤芯光场的功率分布示意图。(a) 光纤形变与拉锥长度的关系曲线;(b)锥体纤芯光场的功率分布示意图
Fig. 14. Schematics of deformation of typical tapered fiber and light-field power distribtuion of core. (a) Relationship between fiber deformation and taper length; (b) schematic of light-field power distribution of tapered fiber core
图 15. 两种典型的多芯光纤锥体耦合分光/合光机制示意图。(a)具有中间芯的多芯光纤拉锥耦合;(b)中心纤芯缺失的多芯光纤拉锥耦合
Fig. 15. Schematics of two typical light splitting/coupling mechanisms based on multi-core fiber tapered coupling. (a) Multi-core fiber tapered coupling with central core; (b) multi-core fiber tapered coupling without central core
图 16. 典型的具有中心纤芯的双芯、3芯、4芯、7芯光纤
Fig. 16. Typical two-core, three-core, 4-core, and 7-core fibers with central core
图 17. 典型的无中心纤芯的双芯、3芯、4芯光纤
Fig. 17. Typical two-core, three-core, and 4-core fibers without center core
图 18. 双芯光纤与单模光纤的激发耦合特性。(a)~(c)在熔点处进行熔融拉锥的光场耦合物理过程;(d)光场经过锥区从单模光纤中耦合分配到双芯光纤的两个纤芯中的过程;(e)各个纤芯内的能量与锥形直径的关系曲线
Fig. 18. Excitation coupling characteristics of two-core fiber and single-mode fiber. (a)-(c) Physical processes of optical field coupling in fusing taper at melting point; (d) process of light-field coupling from single-mode fiber into two cores of two-core fiber through taper region; (e) energy in each core as a function of taper diameter
图 19. 中空椭圆形双芯保偏光纤及其结构示意图
Fig. 19. Hollow elliptic two-core polarization-maintaining fiber and itsstructure
图 20. 中空椭圆形多芯保偏光纤的制备方法示意图。(a)光纤预制棒的制备;(b)光纤拉丝制备
Fig. 20. Schematics of preparation method of hollow elliptic multi-core polarization-maintaining fiber. (a) Preparation of fiber preform; (b) preparation of fiber drawing
图 21. 3芯和4芯中空椭圆形多芯保偏光纤的横截面图
Fig. 21. Cross sections of three-core and four-core hollow elliptic multi-core polarization-maintaining fibers
图 22. 中空椭圆形多芯光纤模式特性曲线。(a) e=1,圆形芯; (b) d=2 μm,椭圆形芯
Fig. 22. Mode characteristic curves of hollow elliptic multi-core fibers. (a) e=1, circular core; (b) d=2 μm, elliptic core
图 24. 椭圆形纤芯的双折射特性曲线。(a)圆形纤芯;(b) d=2 μm,椭圆形纤芯
Fig. 24. Birefringence characteristic curves of elliptic fiber core. (a) Circular core; (b) d=2 μm, elliptic core
图 25. 典型的线性阵列多芯光纤。(a)横截面结构;(b)折射率剖面示意图;(c)6芯、23芯和双结构14芯的光纤横截面
Fig. 25. Typical linear-array multi-core fibers. (a) Cross-sectional structure; (b) schematic of refractive index profile; (c) cross sections of 6-core, 23-core, and dual-structure 14-core fibers
图 26. 线性阵列多芯光纤制备方法。(a)预制棒结构图;(b)纤芯局部放大图
Fig. 26. Preparation method for linear-array multi-core fiber. (a) Structure of fiber perform; (b) locally enlarged photograph of core
图 27. 用于大功率光纤激光器的线性阵列多芯光纤。(a)矩形阵列多芯光纤;(b)空气包层阵列多芯光纤
Fig. 27. Linear-array multi-core fiber for high-power fiber lasers. (a) Rectangular-array multi-core fiber; (b) air-cladding linear-array multi-core fiber
图 28. 用于激光输出整形的线性阵列多芯光纤。(a) 阵列多芯光纤与单模光纤熔接结构图;(b)经过熔点传输2 mm时输出光束的情况;(c) 经过熔点传输55 mm时输出光束的情况
Fig. 28. Linear-array multi-core fiber for laser output reshaping. (a) Splicing of linear-array multi-core fiber to single-mode fiber; (b) output beam after propagating 2 mm from splicing point; (c) output beam after propagating 55 mm from splicing point
图 29. 环形阵列多芯光纤。(a)横截面图;(b)折射率分布
Fig. 29. Ring-array multi-core fiber. (a) Cross section; (b) refractive index distribution
图 30. 4芯光纤弯曲传感器远场干涉图样。(a) 4芯光纤端面;(b) 820 μm时的远场图案;(c) 远场图案的放大图
Fig. 30. Far-field interference patterns of bending sensor based on 4-core fiber. (a) Cross section of 4-core fiber; (b) far-field pattern at 820 μm; (c) enlarged photograph of far-field pattern
图 31. 基于对称双芯光纤的Michelson干涉仪[30]
Fig. 31. Michelson interferometer based on symmetric two-core fiber[30]
图 32. 3芯光纤干涉仪远场干涉图样[92]。(a)直角三角分布的3芯光纤及其远场干涉图样;(b)正三角分布的3芯光纤及其远场干涉图样
Fig. 32. Far-field interference patterns of three-core fiber interferometer[92]. (a) Three-core fiber distributed in right triangle and its interference pattern; (b) three-core fiber distributed in regular triangle and its interference pattern
图 34. 双芯光纤高温传感器[95]。(a)双芯光纤截面显微图;(b)高温传感器原理图
Fig. 34. High-temperature sensor based on two-core fiber[95]. (a) Micrograph of cross section of two-core fiber; (b) principle of high-temperature sensing
图 35. 基于7芯光纤和19芯光纤干涉仪的高温传感器[96]。(a) 7芯光纤;(b) 19芯光纤;(c)基于多芯光纤干涉仪的高温传感器结构及原理图
Fig. 35. High-temperature sensors based on 7-core and 19-core fiber interferometers[96]. (a) 7-core fiber; (b) 19-core fiber; (c) structure and principle of high-temperature sensing based on multi-core fiber interferometer
图 37. 基于双芯光纤的多通道 SPR传感器[100]
Fig. 37. Multi-channel SPR sensor based on two-core fiber[100]
图 38. 扭转7芯光纤光栅阵列分布式测量系统
Fig. 38. Distributed measurement system of torsional 7-core fiber Bragg grating array
图 39. 扭转多芯光纤弯曲传感器。(a)传感4芯光纤;(b)光纤扭转示意图;(c)光纤弯曲传感;(d)实验室中弯曲和位置传感监测;(e)实际应用中弯曲柔性平面传感监测
Fig. 39. Bending sensor based on torsional multi-core fiber. (a) 4-core sensing fiber; (b) schematic of fiber torsion; (c) fiber bending sensing; (d) monitoring of bending and position sensing in laboratory; (e) monitoring of flexible plane sensing in practical applications
苑立波. 多芯光纤特性及其传感应用[J]. 激光与光电子学进展, 2019, 56(17): 170612. Libo Yuan. Multi-Core Fiber Characteristics and Its Sensing Applications[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2019, 56(17): 170612.
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