激光与光电子学进展, 2019, 56 (20): 202408, 网络出版: 2019-10-22
几何相位电磁超表面:从原理到应用 
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Geometric-Phase Metasurfaces: from Physics to Applications
图 & 表
图 1. 几何相位和共振相位电磁超表面的原理及应用[21,34,50,52-53]
Fig. 1. Principle of geometric-phase and resonance-based metasurfaces and their applications[21,34,50,52-53]
图 2. 几何相位的来源。(a)微结构散射电磁波;(b)庞加莱球示意图
Fig. 2. Origin of geometric phase. (a) Electromagnetic waves scattered by microstructure; (b) schematic of Poincare sphere
图 3. 线性梯度几何相位超表面。(a)线性梯度共振相位超表面和线性梯度几何相位超表面;(b)亚波长光栅制作的几何相位器件[36];(c)等离子体链中的光子自旋霍尔效应[37];(d)高效的自旋依赖波前调控几何相位超表面[56];(e)金纳米棒构成的超表面实现自旋依赖偏折[57];(f)几何相位超表面增强自旋霍尔效应[58]
Fig. 3. Linear gradient geometric-phase metasurfaces. (a) Left: linear gradient resonance-based metasurface, right: linear gradient geometric-phase metasurface; (b) geometric-phase optical elements with computer-generated subwavelength gratings[36]; (c) photonic spin Hall effect in plasmonic chains[37]; (d) efficient geometric-phase metasurface for spin-dependent wavefront control[56]; (e) geometric-phase metasurface composed of gold nanorods for beam-refraction[57]; (f) geometric-phase metasurface and
图 4. 基于超表面的平面超透镜。(a)共振相位超透镜聚焦示意图,几何相位超透镜聚焦和发散示意图;(b)可见光频段下的等离子体超透镜[61];(c)基于Si纳米柱制造的超透镜[62];(d)超透镜及其单元TiO2纳米柱[63];(e)悬链线阵列平面透镜[64]
Fig. 4. Flat metalens based on metasurfaces. (a) Left: focusing schematic of resonance-based metalens, right: focusing and defocusing schematic of geometric-phase metalens; (b) plasmonic metalens component of single layer nanorod array in visible band[61]; (c) metalens based on Si nanobeam array[62]; (d) metalens and its building block, TiO2 nanofin[63]; (e) one-dimensional flat lens based on catenary array[64]
图 5. 基于几何相位超表面的涡旋光发生器。(a)通过螺旋板测得的l=±1涡旋光束[68];(b)基于几何相位超表面的涡旋光束产生[57];(c)基于“V”结构的涡旋光束发生器[69];(d)基于悬链线阵列的OAM发生器[74];(e)用于光学涡旋生成的平面手征超表面[75];(f)用于矢量涡旋光束生成的单个等离子体超表面[76]
Fig. 5. Vortex beam generators based on geometric-phase metasurfaces. (a) l=±1 vortex beam measured from diffraction q-plate using spiral wave plate[68]; (b) vortex beam generation based on geometric-phase metasurface[57]; (c) V-shaped vortex beam generator[69]; (d) OAM generators based on catenary arrays[74]; (e) planar chiral metasurface for optical vortex generation[75]; (f) single plasmonic metasurface for vortex beam generation[76]
图 6. 高效几何相位超表面。(a)效率大约为25%的透射式几何相位超表面[78];(b)高效贝塞尔光束发生器[79-80];(c)(d)在微波和太赫兹频段工作的反射体系中效率几乎为100%的光子自旋霍尔效应[81-82];(e)透射体系中效率几乎为100%的光子自旋霍尔效应[84]
Fig. 6. Highly efficient geometric-phase metasurfaces. (a) About 25% efficiency geometric-phase metasurface in transmissive geometry[78]; (b) highly efficient vector Bessel beams generator[79-80]; (c)(d) photonic spin Hall effect with nearly 100% efficiency in reflective geometry working in microwave and terahertz regions[81-82]; (e) photonic spin Hall effect with nearly 100% efficiency in transmissive geometry[84]
图 7. SPPs产生及调控。(a)圆形纳米缝隙激发自旋依赖的出射表面波,右图为两种不同圆偏振入射下表面波与平面波之间的干涉条纹[99];(b)聚焦表面波的半圆形纳米缝隙,右图为焦点的自旋分裂[100];(c)阿基米德螺旋结构示意图;(d)金属板上产生的SPPs电场分布[102];(e)SPPs轨道角动量的近场测量[103];(f)自旋依赖的滤波器[104]
Fig. 7. SPPs generation and control. (a) Outgoing spin-dependent surface waves generated by circular nanoslot, and interference fringes between surface and plane waves for two circular polarization incidences are shown in the right panel[99]; (b) surface waves focused by semicircular nanoslot, and spin-splitting of focal spot is shown in the right panel[100]; (c) schematic of Archimedes spiral; (d) electric-field profile of generated surface plasmon on metal surface[102]; (e) near-field measurement of O
图 8. 几何相位超表面产生的SPPs相关轨迹。(a)通过金属表面的偶极子源产生SPPs的示意图;(b)通过纳米缝隙实现SPPs单向传播;(c)在一个单元结构中使用单个纳米缝隙实现SPPs单向传播[111, 114];(d)等离子体自旋霍尔效应的灵活相干调控示意图(左图:两种入射自旋分别产生的局部轨道;右图:写入字母“b”时通过旋转入射线偏振方向而产生的动态图像)[120]
Fig. 8. SPPs trajectories enabled by geometric-phase metasurfaces. (a) Schematic of SPPs generated by dipole source on metal surface; (b) unidirectional propagation of SPPs through nanoslots[111]; (c) unidirectional propagation of SPPs, where nanoslots are used in the unit cell[114]; (d) schematic of flexible coherent control of plasmonic spin Hall effect (left: local orbitals produced by two incident spins; right: dynamic images produced by rotating linear polarization of incidence when letter ‘b’ is w
图 9. 几何相位在全息图像中的应用。(a)超表面三维全息图[39];(b)基于几何相位超表面的高效全息图像[40];(c)利用手性超表面产生的全息图[41];(d)基于全硅介质的超表面在三个不同平面产生全息图像的示意图[42];(e) 生成不同全息图像的复合超表面[43];(f)多色全息图[44]
Fig. 9. Applications of geometric-phase metasurface in holograms. (a) Three-dimensional hologram enabled by metasurface[39]; (b) highly efficient holographic images based on geometric-phase metasurface[40]; (c) hologram generated by chiral metasurface[41]; (d) holographic images at three separate planes based on silicon metasurfaces in broad visible band[42]; (e) multiplexed metasurface for generating holographic images[43]; (f) multicolor hologram[44]
图 10. OAM发生器和探测器。(a) OAM的全息检测[137];(b)(c)几何相位超表面对不同偏振波束的折射[135-136];(d)超表面产生光学OAM[139]
Fig. 10. OAM generators and detectors. (a) Holographic detection of OAM[137]; (b)(c) refraction of different polarized beams by geometric-phase metasurfaces[135-136]; (d) optical OAM generated by metasurface[139]
图 11. 超表面的主动调控。(a)基于完整相图调节超表面功能[143];(b) PIN二极管的可调几何相位超表面[144];(c)石墨烯超表面的振幅调制[145];(d)基于微流体通道的可调超透镜[146]
Fig. 11. Active control of metasurfaces. (a) Tailor functionalities of metasurfaces based on complete phase diagram[143]; (b) tunable geometric-phase metasurface with PIN diodes[144]; (c) amplitude modulation with gated-graphene metasurfaces[145]; (d) metalens with tunable phase gradient by using random access reconfigurable metamaterial[146]
图 12. 复合超表面的应用。(a)左右旋入射波产生不同的全息图像[147];(b)相反自旋的不同OAM[148] ;(c)左图:复合单元结构中的不对称传输,右图:左旋和右旋入射下透射场和反射场的衍射图案[149]
Fig. 12. Applications of composite metasurfaces. (a) Different holographic images generated by LCP and RCP incident waves[147]; (b) different OAMs for two opposite spins[148]; (c) left: asymmetric transmission in composite unit cells, right: diffraction patterns in transmission and reflection field illuminated by LCP and RCP waves[149]
图 13. 几何相位在平面光学上的应用。(a)多波长消色差全介质超器件[49];(b)宽频带反射型消色差超透镜[50] ;(c)宽频带透射型消色差超透镜[51]
Fig. 13. Applications of geometric-phase metasurface in planar optics. (a) Multiwavelength achromatic dielectric meta-devices[49]; (b) schematic of broadband reflective achromatic metalens[50]; (c) broadband transmissive achromatic metalens[51]
胡中, 徐涛, 汤蓉, 郭会杰, 肖诗逸. 几何相位电磁超表面:从原理到应用[J]. 激光与光电子学进展, 2019, 56(20): 202408. Zhong Hu, Tao Xu, Rong Tang, Huijie Guo, Shiyi Xiao. Geometric-Phase Metasurfaces: from Physics to Applications[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2019, 56(20): 202408.
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