研制了一种结构简单的LD端面泵浦2.94 μm Er:YAG连续激光器。该激光器采用双端键合YAG端帽方式降低了晶体的端面温度。泵浦源采用小芯径的输出光纤和非球面镜耦合系统，减小了小泵浦光斑在晶体中的发散速度，并提高了泵浦均匀性。当泵浦光波长为969.7 nm时，Er:YAG晶体前段对泵浦光的吸收较弱，因此激光器增益介质前端热聚集效应得到了缓解。通过热像仪在实验中对键合和非键合Er:YAG晶体端面温度进行观测对比，并使用COMSOL软件对激光器热分布进行了模拟分析，证明了上述措施对减小高掺杂Er:YAG晶体热效应的有效性。最终成功实现了155 mW的2.94 μm连续激光输出。另外还观测到激光器输出波长随泵浦功率增加的红移现象并对其在能级跃迁层面进行了理论解释。

At the surfaces of crystals, linear susceptibility tensors would differ from their counterparts in the interior of the bulk crystal. However, this phenomenon has not been shown in a visible way yet. In previous researches, numerous types of nonlinear Cherenkov radiation based on different materials have been studied, while linear Cherenkov radiation is barely reported. We experimentally prove the generation of linear Cherenkov radiation on the potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal surface and theoretically analyze its phase-matching scheme. In our study, o-polarized light and e-polarized light can mutually convert through the linear Cherenkov process. According to this result, we figure out new nonzero elements at off-diagonal positions in the linear susceptibility tensor matrix at crystal surfaces, compared with the normal form of a bulk KDP.

In this Letter, a new method is presented to calculate the interactive length between the fundamental wave and second harmonic generation (SHG) for the configuration of total internal reflection on the inner surface of a nonlinear crystal. Three independent experiments are designed to measure the bandwidths of this second harmonic wave. The theoretical expression of the intensity of SHG is obtained through a nonlinear coupled wave equation. The interactive length of this phase-matched SHG can be calculated mathematically by utilizing the measured bandwidths and the intensity equation. There is no existing method to obtain the interactive length either from theoretical calculations or by experimental measurement. This method can be applied to estimate the extremely short interactive volume in nonlinear processes.

Collinear phase-matching of sum-frequency generation (SFG) has been studied thoroughly previously, while non-collinear schemes are sometimes more flexible in application. However, this phase-matching type is more difficult to meet and control. We employ a convenient method to obtain harmonic generation in bulk potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP), using an incident wave vector and a reflected wave vector to create a triangle phase-matching relationship. With a simple, flexible set-up, we can observe 351 nm SFG, and the conversion efficiency is up to ～3.6% per reflection. Furthermore, we believe this approach has potential application value and improvement space.

We observe conical sum-frequency generation in a bulk anomalous-like dispersion medium, which is attributed to complete phase-matching of one fundamental wave and the scattering wave of the other fundamental wave. In addition, efficient sum-frequency output is achieved making use of total internal reflection with conversion efficiency of 7.9% by only one reflection. The experiment proposes a new phase-matching mode under an anomalous-like dispersion condition, which suggests potential applications in efficient frequency conversion.