光谱共焦显微技术结合了共焦显微镜的高空间分辨率和光谱分析的高波长分辨率，凭借精度高、适用性强、无损检测等特性，广泛应用于工业生产、生物医疗和半导体芯片等领域。首先介绍点光谱共焦系统的原理，指出点光谱共焦检测效率低的缺点。其次，针对光谱共焦显微技术的关键性能指标改善，阐述了在光源、色散物镜和光谱信号检测等方面所取得的主要成果，并对各类光源进行定性对比。随后展示光谱共焦显微技术的扫描方法，梳理了相关研究进展，并总结了相关方法的优点和缺点。最后，展望光谱共焦显微技术未来的发展趋势。

Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 900–1880nm) with less scattering background in biological tissues has been combined with the confocal microscopic system for achieving deep in vivo imaging with high spatial resolution. However, the traditional NIR-II fluorescence confocal microscope with separate excitation focus and detection pinhole makes it possess low confocal efficiency, as well as difficultly to adjust. Two types of upgraded NIR-II fluorescence confocal microscopes, sharing the same pinhole by excitation and emission focus, leading to higher confocal efficiency, are built in this work. One type is fiber-pinhole-based confocal microscope applicable to CW laser excitation. It is constructed for fluorescence intensity imaging with large depth, high stabilization and low cost, which could replace multiphoton fluorescence microscopy in some applications (e.g., cerebrovascular and hepatocellular imaging). The other type is air-pinhole-based confocal microscope applicable to femtosecond (fs) laser excitation. It can be employed not only for NIR-II fluorescence intensity imaging, but also for multi-channel fluorescence lifetime imaging to recognize different structures with similar fluorescence spectrum. Moreover, it can be facilely combined with multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. A single fs pulsed laser is utilized to achieve up-conversion (visible multiphoton fluorescence) and down-conversion (NIR-II one-photon fluorescence) excitation simultaneously, extending imaging spectral channels, and thus facilitates multi-structure and multi-functional observation.

精密测量技术是先进制造业得以高速发展的基础。光谱共焦传感器具有测量精度高、检测速度快、系统集成度高等技术优势，已成为先进制造领域当前备受关注的精密测量技术之一。首先，介绍光谱共焦测量原理，分析构成光谱共焦传感器的关键器件；然后，针对点光谱共焦传感器，综述构成传感器的色散物镜、宽光谱光源、光谱检测装置，以及光谱处理算法等关键技术方面的研究进展；其次，针对线扫描光谱共焦传感器，综述扫描方式、光路结构、光谱检测装置，以及光谱信息处理方法等关键技术；最后，总结当前光谱共焦传感器的研究重点、难点，以及未来的技术发展方向。

自2001年被发明以来，超导纳米线单光子探测器（SNSPD）迅速成长为近红外波段的明星光子探测器，其在近红外波段如1550 nm处系统探测效率超过95%，暗计数率低于1 cps（counts per second），时间抖动优于10 ps，探测速率高于1 GHz，并广泛应用在量子信息领域。近年来，研究人员开始将SNSPD引入到生物领域，以替代在近红外波段具有低信噪比、多后脉冲的半导体单光子探测器。本文将介绍SNSPD的探测原理和性能指标，并系统地阐述SNSPD在生物领域中的应用现状和发展前景。