Overview: Driven by the rapid development of national optical projects such as laser nuclear fusion and aerospace telescopes, as well as high-end civilian fields such as advanced instruments and optical lenses, the requirements for full-frequency domain processing errors and surfaces of optical components are becoming more and more stringent. At this stage, the optical components generally need to go through rough grinding, fine grinding, polishing and coating, and other processes, and their surface quality mainly depends on the defect removal ability and error control level of the polishing process. Whether the fine grinding process can obtain better surface shape accuracy and low surface/subsurface damage suppression determines the processing efficiency, and the ultra-precision processing manufacturing equipment is the premise of the realization of ultra-precision machining of the optical components. So far, all countries in the world have invested in the research and development of optical ultra-precision grinding and polishing technology, and have developed more relatively mature high-precision grinding and polishing equipment, which can better meet the processing needs of most of the current optical components. For the core equipment and key technologies required for ultra-precision manufacturing, China has long relied on imports. In order to break through the bottleneck restricting the development of ultra-precision technology in China at this stage, under the traction and drive of the national large-scale engineering project, China has made remarkable progress in optical ultra-precision manufacturing equipment and technology. However, for the optical ultra-precision technology and equipment, there is still a certain gap between China and the international advanced level, and it is necessary to continue to strengthen the research. In addition to the high-end grinding and polishing equipment necessary for the ultra-precision machining of optical components, it is also necessary to strengthen the technical level of a series of key supporting units, such as ultra-precision grinding and polishing processing technology, high-end key functional components, intelligent monitoring technology of processing environment, efficient ultra-precision machining tools, processing and inspection path planning and compensation processing strategies, computer-aided manufacturing and testing software, etc. The research, development, and application of these technologies are related to the development of high-end manufacturing in the civilian fields and national defense fields, and are also the focus of the country. This paper mainly focuses on the ultra-precision machining of large-diameter optical aspherical components. Starting from the grinding and polishing process route, this paper introduces the long-term research progress of the Precision Engineering Laboratory of Xiamen University in the field of large-diameter optical aspherical component processing, and introduces in detail the technical and system achievements such as ultra-precision grinding and polishing equipment, robot-assisted grinding and polishing, equipment intelligent monitoring system, processing technology and control software.

为研究BK7玻璃孔加工过程中出口破损的形成机理，本文在对破损形貌进行显微观测的基础上，基于断裂力学理论，分析了工件加工面所受载荷随裂纹扩展过程的演变规律及其对出口破损形成过程的影响；采用光滑质点流体动力学法对出口破损的形成过程进行了数值模拟，研究了出口破损的形成机理。结果表明：出口破损可分为初始裂纹区及扩展裂纹区，挤压载荷和弯矩的耦合作用驱使初始裂纹沿圆周方向扩展，显著增加了裂纹的倾斜角度和破损宽度，导致破损表面产生大量散射状条纹；借助光滑质点流体动力学法实现了对出口破损形成及脱落过程的数值模拟，发现初始裂纹贯穿整个未穿透厚度，刀具的瞬时切削力减小了78%；并且随着裂纹间歇性地沿圆周方向扩展，刀具切削力呈现出剧烈的周期性波动特征。