钛及钛合金激光选区熔化技术的研究进展

李俊峰; 魏正英; 卢秉恒

doi:doi:10.3788/LOP55.011403

激光与光电子学进展, 2018, 55 (1): 011403, 网络出版: 2018-09-10

钛及钛合金激光选区熔化技术的研究进展下载： 2438次

Research Progress on Technology of Selective Laser Melting of Titanium and Titanium Alloys

李俊峰魏正英 ^*卢秉恒

作者单位

西安交通大学机械制造系统工程国家重点实验室, 陕西西安 710049

图 & 表

图 1. SLM技术原理示意图

Fig. 1. Schematic of SLM technology

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图 2. 不同扫描速度下的SLM成形钛构件横截面。 (a) 100 mm·s^-1;(b) 200 mm·s^-1;(c) 300 mm·s^-1;(d) 400 mm· $\begin{matrix} {s^{- 1}}^{[28]} \end{matrix}$
Fig. 2. Cross-sectional images of Ti components formed by SLM under different scanning speeds. (a) 100 mm·s^-1; (b) 200 mm·s^-1; (c) 300 mm·s^-1; (d) 400 mm· $\begin{matrix} {s^{- 1}}^{[28 <]} \end{matrix}$
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图 3. 不同衍射角下的 SLM钛构件的XRD谱。(a) 2θ=38.45°;(b) 2θ=40.18°^[28]

Fig. 3. XRD spectra of Ti components formed by SLM under different diffraction angles. (a) 2θ=38.45°; (b) 2θ=40.18°^[28]

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图 4. 不同扫描速度下的SLM成形钛构件显微结构。(a) 100 mm·s^-1;(b) 200 mm·s^-1;(c) 300 mm·s^-1;(d) 400 mm· $\begin{matrix} {s^{- 1}}^{[28]} \end{matrix}$
Fig. 4. Microstructures of Ti components formed by SLM under different scanning speeds. (a) 100 mm·s^-1; (b) 200 mm·s^-1; (c) 300 mm·s^-1; (d) 400 mm· $\begin{matrix} {s^{- 1}}^{[28| <]} \end{matrix}$
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图 5. (a)(b)无SMF和(c)(d)有SMF下的CP-Ti的SLM样品显微结构

Fig. 5. Microstructures of CP-Ti samples formed by SLM (a)(b) without and (c)(d) with SMF

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图 6. 不同条件下的断口截面的(a)(b)光学显微图、(c)(d)扫描电镜图、(e)(f)取向图和(g)(h)反极图^[31]

Fig. 6. (a)(b) Optical microscopy images, (c)(d)scanning electron microscopy images, (e)(f) orientation maps and (g)(h) inverse pole figures of fracture section under different conditions^[31]

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图 7. Ti6Al4V粉末形貌。(a) 500×;(b) 3000×

Fig. 7. Morphologies of Ti6Al4V powder. (a) 500×; (b) 3000×

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图 8. 不同激光扫描速度下的熔化凝固过程^[43]。(a) 5 mm·s^-1;(b)10 mm·s^-1; (c) 25 mm·s^-1;(d) 50 mm·s^-1;(e) 100 mm·s^-1

Fig. 8. Melting and solidification processes under different laser scanning speeds^[43]. (a) 5 mm·s^-1; (b) 10 mm·s^-1; (c) 25 mm·s^-1; (d) 50 mm·s^-1; (e) 100 mm·s^-1

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图 9. 扫描策略对显微结构的影响^[53]。(a)(b)(c)(d)单向扫描;(e)(f)(g)(h)交叉扫描

Fig. 9. Influence of scanning strategy on microstructures^[53]. (a)(b)(c)(d) Unidirectional scanning; (e)(f)(g)(h) cross scanning

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图 10. 激光能量输入为(a) 0.5E₀、(b) E₀、(c) 2E₀时,Ti6Al4V的SLM成形样件显微结构^[54]

Fig. 10. Microstructures of Ti6Al4V specimens formed by SLM with laser energy input of (a) 0.5E₀, (b) E₀ and (c) 2 $\begin{matrix} {E_{0}}^{[54]} \end{matrix}$
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图 11. (a)支撑结构示意图;(b) A_s/A_p=0.25时的支撑结构图^[63]

Fig. 11. (a) Schematic of support structure; (b) schematic of support structure with A_s/A_p=0.25^[63]

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图 12. Ti6Al4V 的SLM成形构件的显微结构^[63]。(a) A_s/A_p=0.125;(b) A_s/A_p=0.25;(c) A_s/A_p=0.4;(d) A_s/A_p=1

Fig. 12. Microstructures of Ti6Al4V components formed by SLM ^[63]. (a) A_s/A_p=0.125; (b) A_s/A_p=0.25; (c) A_s/A_p=0.4; (d) A_s/A_p=1

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图 13. SLM制备的结构件。(a) CP-Ti;(b) TiTa

Fig. 13. Structural components fabricated by SLM. (a) CP-Ti; (b) TiTa

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图 14. (a) 表面处理后的个性化骨板;(b) 骨板和骨盆模型的匹配

Fig. 14. (a) Individual bone plate after surface treatment; (b) matching between bone plate and pelvic model

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图 15. 梯度融合器的(a)成形件和(b)模型

Fig. 15. (a) Formed part and (b) model of gradient fusion cage section

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图 16. SLM成形制备的Ti6Al4V吸声器。(a)样品A;(b)样品B

Fig. 16. Ti6Al4V sound absorbers fabricated by SLM. (a) Sample A; (b) sample B

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图 17. 基板上的样件

Fig. 17. Samples on substrate

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图 18. SLM成形的钛合金零件

Fig. 18. Titanium alloy parts fabricated by SLM

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表 1不同SLM成形设备所得的CP-Ti的力学性能

Table1. Mechanical properties of CP-Ti fabricated by different SLM equipments

SLM equipment	σ_UTS /MPa	σ_0.2 /MPa	ε /%	Hardness /HV	Reference
MTTSLM 250 HL	757±12.5	555±3	19.5±1.8	261	[29]
MCPSLM 250	766	-	28	-	[31]
SMF-MCPSLM 250	794	-	35	-
SLM prototype	650	500	17	-	[32]

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表 2不同加工条件下Ti6Al4V的SLM成形构件的力学性能

Table2. Mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V components formed by SLM under different process conditions

Condition	σ_0.2 /MPa	σ_UTS /MPa	ε_fracture /%	Ref
540 ℃ for 2 h, water cooling	1118±39	1223±52	5.36±2.02	[65]
850 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	955±6	1004±6	12.84±1.36	[65]
850 ℃ for 5 h, furnace cooling	909±24	965±20	Pre-fracture	[65]
1015 ℃ for 0.5 h, air cooling followed by843 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	801±20	874±23	13.45±1.18	[65]
1020 ℃ for 2 h, air cooling	760±19	840±27	14.06±2.53	[65]
705 ℃ for 3 h, air cooling	1026±35	1082±34	9.04±2.03	[65]
940 ℃ for 1 h and 650 ℃ for 2 h, air cooling	899±27	948±27	13.59±0.32	[65]
1015 ℃ for 0.5 h and 730 ℃ for 2 h, air cooling	822±25	902±19	12.74±0.56	[65]
SLM built(no post treatment)	1110±9	1267±5	7.28±1.12	[65]
SLM built (no post treatment)	-	1351	3.14	[66]
600 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	-	1287	3.2	[66]
750 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	-	1185	3.4	[66]
925 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	-	988	12.2	[66]
1050 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	-	980	9.2	[66]
700 ℃ for 1 h, cooling at 10 K·s^-1	1051	1115	11.3	[67]
900 ℃ for 2 h, and 700 ℃ for 1 h, cooling at 10 K·s^-1	908	988	9.5	[67]
Hot isostatic pressing (900 ℃, 100 MPa) for 2 hand 700 ℃ for 1 h cooling at 10 K·s^-1	885	973	19.0	[67]
SLM built (no post treatment)	736	1051	11.9	[67]
SLM built (no post treatment)	990±5	1095±10	8.1±03	[61]
Hot worked and annealed	790±20	870±10	18.1±0.8	[61]
SLM built (no post treatment)	1250-1280	1390-1430	5.5-7.0	[68]
(705±20) ℃ for 1.5 h, air cooling	1080-1100	1110-1130	11.0-13.0	[68]
650 ℃ for 4 h, furnace cooling	1145±17	1187±10	7±2.7	[69]
890 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	973±8	996±10	3±0.4	[69]
SLM built (no post treatment)	1125±22	12.16±8	6±0.4	[69]
SLM built (no post treatment)	1015	1090	10	[70]
Hot isostatic pressing	850	960	14	[70]
730 ℃ for 2 h, furnace cooling	974±7	1065±21	7.0±0.5	[71]
SLM built (no post treatment)	1075±25	1199±49	7.6±0.5	[71]

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李俊峰, 魏正英, 卢秉恒. 钛及钛合金激光选区熔化技术的研究进展[J]. 激光与光电子学进展, 2018, 55(1): 011403. Li Junfeng, Wei Zhengying, Lu Bingheng. Research Progress on Technology of Selective Laser Melting of Titanium and Titanium Alloys[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2018, 55(1): 011403.

钛及钛合金激光选区熔化技术的研究进展 下载： 2438次

图 1. SLM技术原理示意图

Fig. 1. Schematic of SLM technology

Fig. 2. Cross-sectional images of Ti components formed by SLM under different scanning speeds. (a) 100 mm·s-1; (b) 200 mm·s-1; (c) 300 mm·s-1; (d) 400 mm·s-128<

图 3. 不同衍射角下的 SLM钛构件的XRD谱。(a) 2θ=38.45°;(b) 2θ=40.18°[28]

Fig. 3. XRD spectra of Ti components formed by SLM under different diffraction angles. (a) 2θ=38.45°; (b) 2θ=40.18°[28]

Fig. 4. Microstructures of Ti components formed by SLM under different scanning speeds. (a) 100 mm·s-1; (b) 200 mm·s-1; (c) 300 mm·s-1; (d) 400 mm·s-128<

图 5. (a)(b)无SMF和(c)(d)有SMF下的CP-Ti的SLM样品显微结构

Fig. 5. Microstructures of CP-Ti samples formed by SLM (a)(b) without and (c)(d) with SMF

图 6. 不同条件下的断口截面的(a)(b)光学显微图、(c)(d)扫描电镜图、(e)(f)取向图和(g)(h)反极图[31]

Fig. 6. (a)(b) Optical microscopy images, (c)(d)scanning electron microscopy images, (e)(f) orientation maps and (g)(h) inverse pole figures of fracture section under different conditions[31]

图 7. Ti6Al4V粉末形貌。(a) 500×;(b) 3000×

Fig. 7. Morphologies of Ti6Al4V powder. (a) 500×; (b) 3000×

图 8. 不同激光扫描速度下的熔化凝固过程[43]。(a) 5 mm·s-1;(b)10 mm·s-1; (c) 25 mm·s-1;(d) 50 mm·s-1;(e) 100 mm·s-1

Fig. 8. Melting and solidification processes under different laser scanning speeds[43]. (a) 5 mm·s-1; (b) 10 mm·s-1; (c) 25 mm·s-1; (d) 50 mm·s-1; (e) 100 mm·s-1

图 9. 扫描策略对显微结构的影响[53]。(a)(b)(c)(d)单向扫描;(e)(f)(g)(h)交叉扫描

Fig. 9. Influence of scanning strategy on microstructures[53]. (a)(b)(c)(d) Unidirectional scanning; (e)(f)(g)(h) cross scanning

图 10. 激光能量输入为(a) 0.5E0、(b) E0、(c) 2E0时,Ti6Al4V的SLM成形样件显微结构[54]

Fig. 10. Microstructures of Ti6Al4V specimens formed by SLM with laser energy input of (a) 0.5E0, (b) E0 and (c) 2E054 下载图片 查看原文

图 11. (a)支撑结构示意图;(b) As/Ap=0.25时的支撑结构图[63]

Fig. 11. (a) Schematic of support structure; (b) schematic of support structure with As/Ap=0.25[63]

图 12. Ti6Al4V 的SLM成形构件的显微结构[63]。(a) As/Ap=0.125;(b) As/Ap=0.25;(c) As/Ap=0.4;(d) As/Ap=1

Fig. 12. Microstructures of Ti6Al4V components formed by SLM [63]. (a) As/Ap=0.125; (b) As/Ap=0.25; (c) As/Ap=0.4; (d) As/Ap=1

图 13. SLM制备的结构件。(a) CP-Ti;(b) TiTa

Fig. 13. Structural components fabricated by SLM. (a) CP-Ti; (b) TiTa

图 14. (a) 表面处理后的个性化骨板;(b) 骨板和骨盆模型的匹配

Fig. 14. (a) Individual bone plate after surface treatment; (b) matching between bone plate and pelvic model

图 15. 梯度融合器的(a)成形件和(b)模型

Fig. 15. (a) Formed part and (b) model of gradient fusion cage section

图 16. SLM成形制备的Ti6Al4V吸声器。(a)样品A;(b)样品B

Fig. 16. Ti6Al4V sound absorbers fabricated by SLM. (a) Sample A; (b) sample B

图 17. 基板上的样件

Fig. 17. Samples on substrate

图 18. SLM成形的钛合金零件

Fig. 18. Titanium alloy parts fabricated by SLM

表 1不同SLM成形设备所得的CP-Ti的力学性能

Table1. Mechanical properties of CP-Ti fabricated by different SLM equipments

表 2不同加工条件下Ti6Al4V的SLM成形构件的力学性能

Table2. Mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V components formed by SLM under different process conditions

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钛及钛合金激光选区熔化技术的研究进展下载： 2438次

Fig. 2. Cross-sectional images of Ti components formed by SLM under different scanning speeds. (a) 100 mm·s^-1; (b) 200 mm·s^-1; (c) 300 mm·s^-1; (d) 400 mm· $\begin{matrix} {s^{- 1}}^{[28 <]} \end{matrix}$

图 3. 不同衍射角下的 SLM钛构件的XRD谱。(a) 2θ=38.45°;(b) 2θ=40.18°^[28]

Fig. 3. XRD spectra of Ti components formed by SLM under different diffraction angles. (a) 2θ=38.45°; (b) 2θ=40.18°^[28]

Fig. 4. Microstructures of Ti components formed by SLM under different scanning speeds. (a) 100 mm·s^-1; (b) 200 mm·s^-1; (c) 300 mm·s^-1; (d) 400 mm· $\begin{matrix} {s^{- 1}}^{[28| <]} \end{matrix}$

图 6. 不同条件下的断口截面的(a)(b)光学显微图、(c)(d)扫描电镜图、(e)(f)取向图和(g)(h)反极图^[31]

Fig. 6. (a)(b) Optical microscopy images, (c)(d)scanning electron microscopy images, (e)(f) orientation maps and (g)(h) inverse pole figures of fracture section under different conditions^[31]

图 8. 不同激光扫描速度下的熔化凝固过程^[43]。(a) 5 mm·s^-1;(b)10 mm·s^-1; (c) 25 mm·s^-1;(d) 50 mm·s^-1;(e) 100 mm·s^-1

Fig. 8. Melting and solidification processes under different laser scanning speeds^[43]. (a) 5 mm·s^-1; (b) 10 mm·s^-1; (c) 25 mm·s^-1; (d) 50 mm·s^-1; (e) 100 mm·s^-1

图 9. 扫描策略对显微结构的影响^[53]。(a)(b)(c)(d)单向扫描;(e)(f)(g)(h)交叉扫描

Fig. 9. Influence of scanning strategy on microstructures^[53]. (a)(b)(c)(d) Unidirectional scanning; (e)(f)(g)(h) cross scanning

图 10. 激光能量输入为(a) 0.5E₀、(b) E₀、(c) 2E₀时,Ti6Al4V的SLM成形样件显微结构^[54]

Fig. 10. Microstructures of Ti6Al4V specimens formed by SLM with laser energy input of (a) 0.5E₀, (b) E₀ and (c) 2 $\begin{matrix} {E_{0}}^{[54]} \end{matrix}$
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图 11. (a)支撑结构示意图;(b) A_s/A_p=0.25时的支撑结构图^[63]

Fig. 11. (a) Schematic of support structure; (b) schematic of support structure with A_s/A_p=0.25^[63]

图 12. Ti6Al4V 的SLM成形构件的显微结构^[63]。(a) A_s/A_p=0.125;(b) A_s/A_p=0.25;(c) A_s/A_p=0.4;(d) A_s/A_p=1

Fig. 12. Microstructures of Ti6Al4V components formed by SLM ^[63]. (a) A_s/A_p=0.125; (b) A_s/A_p=0.25; (c) A_s/A_p=0.4; (d) A_s/A_p=1