荧光碳量子点作为一种特殊的量子点，具有卓越的荧光性能以及可调控的表面化学性质，在生物成像、疾病诊断和治疗等生物医药领域中备受瞩目。基于近期的文献报道，详细介绍和总结了碳点在医药领域中的应用及其相关机制和特性。概述了碳点在生物医药应用中所面临的挑战，并提出了潜在的解决方案。最后，对未来的研究方向提出了建议，以期进一步拓展碳点在生物医药领域中的应用范围，为医学领域的创新和发展提供理论依据。

Peroxynitrite (ONOO− ) contributes to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Developing a peroxynitrite probe would enable in situ visualization of the overwhelming ONOO ⁻ flux and understanding of the ONOO ⁻ stress-induced neuropathology of PD. Herein, a novel α-ketoamide-based fluorogenic probe (DFlu) was designed for ONOO ⁻ monitoring in multiple PD models. The results demonstrated thatDFlu exhibits a fluorescence turn-on response to ONOO ⁻ with high specificity and sensitivity. The efficacy ofDFlu for intracellular ONOO ⁻ imaging was demonstrated systematically. The results showed thatDFlu can successfully visualize endogenous and exogenous ONOO ⁻ in cells derived from chemical and biochemical routes. More importantly, the two-photon excitation ability ofDFlu has been well demonstrated by monitoring exogenous/endogenous ONOO ⁻ production and scavenging in live zebrafish PD models. This work provides a reliable and promising α-ketoamide-based optical tool for identifying variations of ONOO ⁻ in PD models.

碳点(CDs)作为一种新型的零维碳基纳米材料, 由于其优异的荧光性质、良好的生物兼容性、低细胞毒性以及丰富的表面官能团等性质, 在荧光传感和生物医学领域具有巨大的应用潜力。特别是针对肿瘤弱酸性的微环境特点, 设计pH响应型碳点来实现对肿瘤的特异性治疗将尤为重要。本文对近年来基于pH响应型碳点的研究工作进行了系统的调研, 综述了pH响应型碳点的荧光机制及其在pH传感、生物成像及癌症治疗等生物医学领域的应用, 并对pH响应型碳点目前面临的主要挑战以及未来发展的方向进行了展望。

Early diagnosis and fast detection with a high accuracy rate of lung cancer are important to improve the treatment effect. In this research, an early fast diagnosis and in vivo imaging method for lung adenocarcinoma are proposed by collecting the spectral data from normal and patients' cells/tissues, such as Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis absorbance, and fluorescence spectra using anthocyanin. The FTIR spectra of human normal lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells) and human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549 cells) were collected. After the data is cleaned, a feature selection algorithm is used to select important wavelengths, and then, the classification models of support vector machine (SVM) and the grid search method are used to select the optimal model parameters (accuracy: 96.89% on the training set and 88.57% on the test set). The optimal model is used to classify all samples, and the accuracy is 94.37%. Moreover, the anthocyanin was prepared and used for the intracellular absorbance and fluorescence, and the optimized algorithm was used for classification (accuracy: 91.38% on the training set and 80.77% on the test set). Most importantly, the in vivo cancer imaging can be performed using anthocyanin. The results show that there are differences between lung adenocarcinoma and normal lung tissues at the molecular level, reflecting the accuracy, intuitiveness, and feasibility of this algorithm-assistant anthocyanin imaging in lung cancer diagnosis, thus showing the potential to become an accurate and effective technical means for basic research and clinical diagnosis.

光学微透镜在光学成像、信号探测、生物传感等方面有重要的应用。针对现有固体微透镜难以变焦和生物不兼容的问题,提出将细胞内的叶绿体作为天然的微透镜,并研究了叶绿体微透镜的聚焦特性及其在光学成像和信号探测中的应用。研究结果表明,叶绿体微透镜对不同波长的入射光能产生聚焦效应。借助光镊产生的光力可实现叶绿体形状的可控变化,进而可实现对叶绿体微透镜焦距的调节,调节范围为15~45 μm。由于叶绿体微透镜具有光束聚焦特性,故其能够应用到亚波长结构的成像和荧光信号的增强中。在实验中,叶绿体微透镜实现了对线宽为200 nm的光栅结构和细胞内部肌动蛋白丝的光学成像,以及对量子点荧光信号的探测和增强。

红光/近红外发射碳点(简称R/NIR-CDs)具有生物相容性好、空间分辨率高等优势, 受到了研究者们的广泛关注。但目前报道的红光碳点往往存在荧光量子效率低、半峰宽较宽且具有激发波长依赖的缺陷, 限制了其在生物医学领域的应用。因此, 合成制备高荧光量子产率（PLQY）、半峰宽窄且激发非依赖的红光/近红外发射碳点具有十分重要的意义。本文首先阐述了近年来几种具有代表性的典型前驱体及其合成碳点, 总结了尺寸效应、杂原子掺杂、表面态等高效的碳点光学调控理论, 并简要介绍了红光/近红外发射碳点在生物成像、疾病治疗及白光发光二极管中的应用现状。最后, 针对红光/近红外发射碳点的发光机理、制备方法中面临的问题与挑战进行了展望。