Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have been considered as promising candidates in the post-lithium-ion battery era. Till now, a large number of materials have been used as electrode materials for PIBs, among which vanadium oxides exhibit great potentiality. Vanadium oxides can provide multiple electron transfers during electrochemical reactions because vanadium possesses a variety of oxidation states. Meanwhile, their relatively low cost and superior material, structural, and physicochemical properties endow them with strong competitiveness. Although some inspiring research results have been achieved, many issues and challenges remain to be further addressed. Herein, we systematically summarize the research progress of vanadium oxides for PIBs. Then, feasible improvement strategies for the material properties and electrochemical performance are introduced. Finally, the existing challenges and perspectives are discussed with a view to promoting the development of vanadium oxides and accelerating their practical applications.Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have been considered as promising candidates in the post-lithium-ion battery era. Till now, a large number of materials have been used as electrode materials for PIBs, among which vanadium oxides exhibit great potentiality. Vanadium oxides can provide multiple electron transfers during electrochemical reactions because vanadium possesses a variety of oxidation states. Meanwhile, their relatively low cost and superior material, structural, and physicochemical properties endow them with strong competitiveness. Although some inspiring research results have been achieved, many issues and challenges remain to be further addressed. Herein, we systematically summarize the research progress of vanadium oxides for PIBs. Then, feasible improvement strategies for the material properties and electrochemical performance are introduced. Finally, the existing challenges and perspectives are discussed with a view to promoting the development of vanadium oxides and accelerating their practical applications.

固态氧化物电解池(SOECs)因较高的能量转化效率在电化学还原CO₂, 实现“碳中和”社会方面备受关注。与非对称电池结构相比, 对称SOECs的空气极和燃料极是相同或相近的材料, 可以减少界面种类, 改善电极与电解质的热膨胀匹配性, 简化电池的制备工艺。本研究合成了钙钛矿氧化物La_xSr_2-xFe_1.5Ni_0.1Mo_0.4O_6-δ (L_xSFNM, x=0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4), 作为固体氧化物电解池的对称电极用于评估纯CO₂的电化学还原性能。掺入La³⁺可以有效提高反应催化活性, 其中L_0.3SFNM为电极的电解池表现出最高的电化学性能, 800 ℃下, 在空气中的极化电阻为0.07 Ω?cm², 在50% CO-50% CO₂中的极化电阻为0.62 Ω?cm²。单电池L_0.3SFNM@LSGM|LSGM|L_0.3SFNM@LSGM在800 ℃和1.5 V电压下的电解电流密度为1.17 A?cm^-2, 在初始的50 h CO₂短期电解测试中表现出优异的稳定性, 是一种理想的对称电极材料。

气体火花开关是脉冲功率装置中最常用的关键器件。电极烧蚀作为脉冲功率开关中的难点问题，会引起开关自击穿电压降低、触发抖动增大及开关寿命降低，已成为制约气体开关发展和应用的一个瓶颈。本文回顾梳理了国内外学者针对电极烧蚀问题进行的一系列研究，从电极烧蚀理论和实验研究成果两个方面，介绍了电极烧蚀的基本机制及仿真模型，归纳了影响开关电极烧蚀的因素以及电极耐烧蚀材料的研究进展，最后讨论了电极烧蚀研究面临的问题以及优化电极材料抗烧蚀性能的方向。