In liver tumor surgery, the recognition of tumor margin and radical resection of microcancer focis have always been the crucial points to reduce postoperative recurrence of tumor. However, naked-eye inspection and palpation have limited effectiveness in identifying tumor boundaries, and traditional imaging techniques cannot consistently locate tumors in real time. As an intraoperative real-time navigation imaging method, NIR fluorescence imaging has been extensively studied for its simplicity, reliable safety, and superior sensitivity, and is expected to improve the accuracy of liver tumor surgery. In recent years, the research focus of NIR fluorescence has gradually shifted from the first near-infrared window (NIR-I, 700–900 nm) to the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000–1700nm). Fluorescence imaging in NIR-II reduces the scattering effect of deep tissue, providing a preferable detection depth and spatial resolution while significantly eliminating liver autofluorescence background to clarify tumor margin. Developing fluorophores combined with tumor antibodies will further improve the precision of fluorescence-guided surgical navigation. With the development of a bunch of fluorophores with phototherapy ability, NIR-II can integrate tumor detection and treatment to explore a new therapeutic strategy for liver cancer. Here, we review the recent progress of NIR-II fluorescence technology in liver tumor surgery and discuss its challenges and potential development direction.

程序性死亡受体 1（PD-1）/程序性死亡配体 1（PD-L1）信号通路主要参与免疫负调控作用，且在许多类型的肿瘤的恶性发展中具有关键作用。 PD-L1的高表达可促进肝细胞癌（ HCC）的侵袭，提高肿瘤复发的风险。另外， PD-L1常作为免疫检查点的阻断靶点，主要通过单抗将其中和，引发抗肿瘤免疫反应。因此， PD-L1是 HCC免疫治疗中极具潜力的靶点之一。本文主要探究纳米级功能化氧化石墨烯（ GO-PEI-PEG）携带 PD-L1 siRNA对肝癌细胞的恶性生物学行为的影响。研究结果显示，将 GO-PEI-PEG/PD-L1 siRNA转染至 MHCC97H细胞后，细胞的增殖和迁移均被抑制，细胞周期阻滞在 G1期，且细胞凋亡的数目增多。进一步研究发现， GO-PEI-PEG/PD-L1 siRNA对 MHCC97H细胞的抑制作用是通过阻碍 AKT信号通路激活实现的。这些试验结果表明， GO-PEI-PEG具备优秀的递送性能，携带 PD-L1 siRNA可有效干扰 PD-L1表达，进而抑制肝癌细胞的恶性生物学行为，这为治疗 HCC提供了更安全、有效的递送新策略。

二次谐波成像作为一种高空间分辨率和高穿透深度的非线性光学成像技术，可以避免荧光成像中由能量吸收导致的光漂白和饱和吸收等问题，在临床诊断和生物医学领域具有广阔的应用前景。笔者引入了一种具有中心反演对称破缺、高非线性光学效应的材料——硅量子点作为二次谐波探针，同时为了增强硅量子点的生物亲和性并减少其表面氧化，利用聚乙二醇对硅量子点进行修饰，并将其作为生物探针探究了其在人肝癌细胞（HepG2）中的二次谐波成像效果。通过与双光子荧光成像结果进行对比发现，基于聚乙二醇修饰的硅量子点的二次谐波成像技术具有可靠性和稳定性。本研究对未来硅量子点在分子成像、药物递送和干细胞治疗中的应用具有积极的推动作用。

手术与化疗作为肝癌的主要治疗手段需要精确提取肝脏病变区域。针对目前肝肿瘤分割方法存在的小型肿瘤丢失、肿瘤边界分割模糊、分割严重错误等问题，提出一种融合注意力机制与残差可形变卷积的肝肿瘤分割方法。以U-Net为主干网络，在编码卷积层末尾增加一条带有反卷积与激活函数的残差路径，该路径与上层跳跃连接相连，解决池化与反卷积操作中的信息损失造成的小目标分割缺失与边界模糊问题；利用可形变卷积增强模型对肿瘤边界的特征提取能力；在跳跃连接层中添加一定数量的卷积层，弥补简单跳跃连接在特征融合时造成的语义空白；通过双注意力机制，模型更加关注肿瘤特征；采用混合损失函数，该函数在保证训练稳定的情况下解决类不平衡造成的分割性能下降的问题。在肝脏肿瘤公开数据集（LITS）上进行实验，所提方法的肿瘤分割Dice系数达85.2%，分割性能优于其他对比网络，能够达到辅助医疗诊断的要求。

肝癌是肝脏中最常见的恶性肿瘤，是全球癌症相关死亡的第三大主要原因。肝癌发病具有隐蔽性、细胞异质性、耐药性的特点，且肿瘤易侵袭、转移和复发，使得其临床治疗效果欠佳。转录因子AP-2α在肝癌中作为肿瘤抑制因子发挥作用，其表达与肝癌患者的预后呈现正相关。SOX9在细胞分化、性别决定和肿瘤发生中起主要作用。在肝癌细胞中，SOX9异常增加可以促进癌细胞的生长。本研究利用JASPAR软件预测到SOX9的启动子区域含有潜在的AP-2α结合位点，通过萤光素酶和凝胶迁移试验(EMSA)证实了AP-2α可以与SOX9的启动子区域直接结合，抑制SOX9的转录活性。通过实时定量PCR和蛋白质免疫印迹发现，AP-2α抑制了SOX9的mRNA和蛋白质水平表达。这些结果提示了AP-2α可与癌基因SOX9的启动子区域结合，负调控肝癌细胞中SOX9的表达。

Early diagnosis of liver cancer plays a significant role in reducing its high mortality. In this preliminary study, the feasibility of using serum surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to identify liver cancer was studied. Serum samples were obtained from liver cancer patients and healthy controls. The differences between the SERS spectra of pre-operation and post-operation of liver cancer patients were also analyzed. The general shape and trend of SERS spectra of health control and liver cancer patients were similar. Multivariate analysis, e.g., PLS-SVM, might be useful for the discrimination of serum SERS spectra of pre-operation and post-operation.Early diagnosis of liver cancer plays a significant role in reducing its high mortality. In this preliminary study, the feasibility of using serum surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to identify liver cancer was studied. Serum samples were obtained from liver cancer patients and healthy controls. The differences between the SERS spectra of pre-operation and post-operation of liver cancer patients were also analyzed. The general shape and trend of SERS spectra of health control and liver cancer patients were similar. Multivariate analysis, e.g., PLS-SVM, might be useful for the discrimination of serum SERS spectra of pre-operation and post-operation.

肝癌晚期, 手术切除往往效果不佳, 5年生存率低。因此, 通过新的辅助治疗方式提高患者生存期是必要的。光动力疗法作为晚期肝癌的姑息性治疗方法, 光敏剂是光动力疗法中至关重要的因素。几十年来, 光敏剂经过不断发展, 如今已出现了许多新型光敏剂, 它们具有靶向性高、脂溶性强、生物利用度高等特点, 随着肝脏肿瘤多学科合作模式的逐渐开展, 新型光敏剂及光动力疗法也将在其中扮演重要的角色。

采用近红外表面增强拉曼散射(NIR-SERS)光谱技术, 基于高效、稳定、低廉的纳米银膜基底检测了25例肝癌患者、25例肝癌术后患者和25例健康人的氧合血红蛋白(OxyHb)。对比发现, 健康人、肝癌术后患者和肝癌患者的OxyHb 的NIR-SERS光谱谱峰强度呈现依次下降的趋势, 表明从谱峰强度可以初步判断肝癌术后患者恢复情况。利用主成分分析(PCA)结合线性判别分析(LDA)统计方法进行分析, 25个肝癌术后患者中8人判别为健康人, 其余17人判别为肝癌患者。判别分组与实际情况相符, 表明PCA-LDA统计方法可以更准确地判断肝癌术后患者恢复状况。因此, NIR-SERS技术结合PCA-LDA统计方法有望为肝癌术后患者恢复状况的诊断提供一种新的思路和方法。

采用一个波长为785 nm的半导体激光束来囚禁人的肝癌细胞并激发人的肝癌细胞的拉曼光谱, 分析模拟微重力三维培养条件下的人肝癌细胞的DNA、蛋白和脂类的生物学物质的变化和表达情况。结果显示, 微重力三维培养条件下和平面培养下的人的肝癌细胞的拉曼光谱在527, 1 367, 1 438, 1 659 cm-1处有明显的差异。

介绍了光动力学疗法治疗肝胆肿瘤的实验室和临床研究现状, 提出了光动力学疗法在治疗肝胆肿瘤面临的问题, 并建议在腹腔镜手术中引入光动力学疗法, 认为随着新型光敏剂及光源的开发应用, PDT将会成为治疗肝胆肿瘤的切实可行方法。