基于荧光标记的显微成像技术是目前用于生物医学成像研究的主要方法，然而，荧光标记面临光漂白、光猝灭、难以特异性标记及荧光干扰等瓶颈，因此，无标记显微成像技术的发展受到越来越多的关注。介绍了四种无标记光学显微成像技术：相干拉曼散射显微成像技术、光热显微成像技术、表面等离激元显微成像技术以及干涉散射显微成像技术。对这四种技术的基本原理进行了阐述，并介绍了它们在生物医学领域的应用，包括生物分子、病毒、细胞的形态与动力学研究。最后对四种成像技术的性能进行了比较，总结了每种方法的优势、局限性与应用前景。

Currently, microscopic imaging methods based on fluorescent labeling are the mainstream approaches in biomedical research. However, fluorescent labeling faces bottlenecks, such as photobleaching, photo quenching, specific labeling difficulty, and fluorescence disturbance. Therefore, the development of label-free microscopic imaging techniques has attracted numerous attentions. In this review, four label-free optical microscopy techniques are described: coherent Raman scattering imaging, photothermal imaging, surface plasmon resonance imaging, and interference scattering imaging. The basic principles of these techniques are illustrated, and their applications in biomedical fields, including morphology of biomolecules, viruses, and cells, as well as biodynamics, are described. Finally, the performance of the four imaging techniques is compared, and the advantages, limitations, and application prospects are summarized.